Jepson Herbarium
The University and Jepson Herbaria
University of California, Berkeley
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Jepson Herbarium
The University and Jepson Herbaria
University of California, Berkeley
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Group 8: Herbs, subshrubs, or herbaceous vines; only pistillate flowers present; staminate or bisexual flowers unavailable for examination
1. Plant fully aquatic, submersed, floating in water, or stranded on mud2. Plant generally free-floating at or just below water surface, raft-like, the plant body 0.4–10 mm; leaves and stems not differentiated; roots 0–few, unbranched — pistil located in tiny lateral, membrane-covered pouch or in minute cavity on top of plant body ..... ARACEAE {G2,6,13,15}2' Plant rooted in bottom sediments or free-floating, generally >> 15 mm; leaves and stems clearly differentiated; roots often branched3. Leavesalternate1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.
4. Fruits borne in umbel-like clusters — flowers actuallybisexualbut stamens easily overlooked and ephemeral ..... RUPPIACEAE {G2,10,13}Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).
4' Fruits or flowers borne in spikes or heads5. Flowers in dense, spheric heads, these solitary or inaxillaryor terminal clusters, not enclosed inPertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.
leafsheaths; freshwater habitats ..... TYPHACEAE (Sparganium) {G2,6,13}Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
5' Flowers inaxillaryspikes, these generally enclosed and concealed in sheaths of subtending leaves; marine habitats ..... ZOSTERACEAE {G2,6,13}3' Leavesoppositeor1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.
whorledor allArranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node).
basalAt or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary.
6. Leaves allbasal; flowers solitary in leaf-axils; style very elongated, generally 6–20 cm ..... JUNCAGINACEAE (Triglochin scilloides) (2) {G13}6' Leaves cauline; flowersaxillaryor variously clustered; styles generally << 6 cm (except in some Hydrocharitaceae)7. Leaf blades [at least those of submersed leaves] divided intolinearor thread-likeElongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong.
lobes1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth.
8. Blades of leaves repeatedlyforked..... CERATOPHYLLACEAE {G2,6,14,15}Pertaining to a hair or other structure that branches into two parts.
8' Blades of leaves pinnatelyforked..... HALORAGACEAE {G2,6,14,20}7' Leaf bladesentire, toothed, or shallowly lobedHaving margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).
9. Petals and sepals both 3(4), evident; perianth and stigmas borne at water surface at end of long, tubularhypanthium; ovary inferior,Structure generally in the shape of a tube, cup, or bowl, derived from the fused lower portions of the perianth and stamens, from which these parts seem to arise, and to which the ovary wall is fused in an inferior ovary (to which the ovary wall is partially fused in a half-inferior ovary; from which the ovary is free in a superior ovary).
sessileinWithout a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.
leafaxil..... HYDROCHARITACEAE {G2,6,16}Distal, adaxial angle between an appendage or branch and a main axis (e.g., between leaf and stem, or between lateral vein and midrib on a leaf).
9' Petals and sepals both 0; stigmas submersed, borne at end of short styles; ovary or ovaries superior,sessileor short-stalked inleafaxil10. Pistils 2–10,simple, each with a cup-like stigma; leavesComposed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.
entire..... ZANNICHELLIACEAE {G2,10,13}10' Pistil 1, compound, bearing 2–4 slender stigmas11. Leaves subentire to finely or coarsely toothed; ovary chamber 1, ovule 1; fruit achene-like ..... HYDROCHARITACEAE (Najas) {G2,13}11' Leavesentire; ovary chambers 4, ovules 4; fruit splitting into 4 nutlets ..... PLANTAGINACEAE (Callitriche) {G2,15}1' Plant terrestrial or parasitic on stem of woody host, or if growing in wet habitat, rooted in place and emerging well above water surface12. Plants parasitic on stems of woody host plants13. Flowers of parasite borne directly on stems of host; remainder of parasite internal within tissues of host; stems and leaves not differentiated; on Psorothamnus ..... APODANTHACEAE {G6}13' Flowers borne on leafy branches of parasite; shoots of parasite external; leaves differentiated, though sometimes reduced to scales; on various woody hosts [not Psorothamnus] ..... VISCACEAE {G6,7,9,11,12,14}12' Plants free-living
14' Stem generally not fleshy, without spiny tubercles; leaves generally present15. Leavesoppositeorwhorled, not allbasal16. Stems or leaves thick and fleshy; inflorescence a terminalspike1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
17. Leaves ±cylindricor 3-angled in ×-section; stigma 1, head-like, 2-lobed; ovary chambers 4; ovaries joining into a fleshy multiple fruit; perianth 0 ..... BATACEAE {G6,15,24}Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section.
17' Leaves fleshy, scale-like; stigmas 2,linear; ovary chamber 1; ovaries maturing as utricles, sometimes surrounded by fleshy bracts and perianth elements ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (2) {G6,7,9,11,15}16' Stems and leaves of normal texture, not thick and fleshy; inflorescence various18. Leaves compound or deeply lobed, or also somesimple19. Compound leavespalmate..... CANNABACEAE {G6,15}More than two structures or parts (e.g., veins, lobes, or leaflets) radiating from a common point in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane).
19' Compound or deeply lobed leavespinnate..... VALERIANACEAE (Valeriana occidentalis)Feather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc.
18' Leavessimple,entireor toothed20. Leaveswhorled; ovary inferior ..... RUBIACEAE (Galium) {G6,7,9,12}20' Leavesopposite; ovary superior21. Leavessessileor nearly so,entire; petals free ..... CARYOPHYLLACEAE {G6,15,24}21' Leaves conspicuously petioled, toothed; petals fused or 022. Corolla showy,bilateral..... LAMIACEAE {G18,19}Divisible into mirror-image halves in only one way.
22' Corolla 0
15' Leavesalternateor allbasal24. Leaves stiff and sword-like, 0.5–1.5 m; inflorescence a largepanicle; perianth parts 6 ..... RUSCACEAE (Nolina) {G6,7,9,16}1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
24' Leaves not sword-like, often smaller; inflorescences various; perianth parts mostly other than 625. Blades of leaveslinearor narrowlylanceolate,Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip.
simpleandentire; veins parallel;leafbases sheathing stem26. Leaves allbasal; flowers solitary inleafaxils; styles very elongated, generally 6–20 cm ..... JUNCAGINACEAE (Triglochin scilloides) (2) {G13}26' Leavesbasaland cauline or all cauline; flowers in spikes orspikelets, these generally in 2° clusters; styles generally << 5 cm1. In Poaceae, one or more florets (each a flower with subtending lemma and generally palea) and generally 2 subtending glumes; in a sterile spikelet, the flower(s) and sometimes palea(s) are rudimentary or absent. 2. In Cyperaceae, the smallest aggregation of flowers (generally more than 2) and associated bracts.
27. Stem triangular;nodesnot swollen;Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise.
leafblades channeled ..... CYPERACEAE {G2,13}27' Stem round;nodesgenerally swollen and knot-like;leafblades generally flat ..... POACEAE {G2,5,6,13}25' Blades of leaves variously shaped, sometimes toothed, lobed, or compound; veins mostlypinnateorpalmate;leafbases often not sheathing stems — flowers not inspikelets28. Ocreae present, persistent or not;nodesgenerally ± swollen ..... POLYGONACEAE {G2,6,15,16,19}28' Ocreae 0;nodesgenerally not swollen29. Leaves allbasal30. Leaves compound, leaflets 3; perianth parts in 5s; stolons present ..... ROSACEAE (Fragaria) {G6}30' Leavessimple,entire; perianth parts in 3s or 4s; stolons 031. Perianth parts in 4s; fruit acircumscissilecapsule ..... PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantago) {G5,18,19}Dehiscence, usually of a fruit (capsule), by a transverse line, the top coming off as a lid.
31' Perianth parts in 3s; fruit 1–many achenes32. Perianth clearly differentiated into sepals and petals; pistils many; plant ± emergent aquatic, annual orperennialherb ..... ALISMATACEAE (Sagittaria) {G6}Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone.
32' Perianth whorls not strongly differentiated, outer and inner similar; pistil 1; plant terrestrial matted per ..... POLYGONACEAE (Eriogonum) {G6,12}29' At least some leaves cauline33. Plants vines34. Tendrils 0; perianth not at all corolla-like; ovary superior ..... CANNABACEAE (Humulus) {G6,15}34' Tendrils present; perianth corolla-like
36. Pistils 2–22,simple; fruit a cluster of achenes orfolliclesDry fruit from a simple pistil, dehiscent on only one side, along a single suture. A single flower may develop into a simple fruit of 1 follicle or an aggregate fruit of several follicles.
37. Leavessimple, fleshy ..... CRASSULACEAE (Rhodiola) {G6}37' Leaves compound, leaflets thin38. Leaflets coarselycrenateor shallowly lobed; sepals generally 4; petals 0; inflorescence an openPertaining to margins with shallow, rounded teeth, between which are usually acute sinuses (i.e., scalloped)
panicle..... RANUNCULACEAE (Thalictrum) {G6}38' Leaflets 2-serrate; sepals 5; petals 5; inflorescence apanicleof dense spikes ..... ROSACEAE (Aruncus) {G6}36' Pistil 1,simpleor compound; fruitachene,Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela.
utricle, capsule, or splitting into 2–13 mericarpsMostly dry, dehiscent or indehiscent fruit from a generally compound pistil in which a balloon- or bladder-like ovary wall loosely encloses (or, in some Amaranthaceae, is adherent to) a single seed.
39. Flowers in umbels or heads40. Inflorescence asimpleor compoundumbel..... APIACEAE {G2,6,14,20,21}1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, an inflorescence in which three to many pedicels and, if compound, branches (rays) radiate from a common point; characteristic of but not confined to Apiaceae. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, an umbel-like inflorescence is one in which three to many stalked inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, radiate from a common point of attachment without an evident axis or branches.
40' Inflorescence of 1 or more heads
41' Head not maturing as bur42. Corolla 0;headwithout1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.involucre; ovary superior ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (2) {G6,7,9,11,15}Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence.
42' Corolla tubular;headsubtended by an
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.involucre; ovary inferior ..... ASTERACEAE (2) {G6,7,9,12,14,17}39' Flowers solitary or inaxillaryclusters or in racemes orpanicles43. Style branches 5–19; fruit splitting into 5–19 wedge-shaped mericarps at maturity ..... MALVACEAE {G19,20,22}43' Style unbranched or branches 2 or 3 (dissected intolinearlobesin Croton); fruit unsegmented or splitting into 2–3 segments44. Leaves palmately compound, leafletsserrate..... CANNABACEAE (Cannabis) {G6,15}Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate.
44' Leavesentireor toothed45. Leaves densely stellate-scaly or -hairy; ovary chambers generally 3; fruit a capsule ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Croton) {G6,12}45' Leaves not stellate-hairy; ovary chamber 1; fruit anacheneorutricle46. Bractlets subtending flower 3, winged, abaxially bearing hooked hairs; stigma 1,sessile, hair-tufted; sepals 4, fused ..... URTICACEAE (Soleirolia) {G6}46' Bractlets subtending flower 1–2, without hooked hairs; stigmas 2,linear; sepals 0 or 3–5, free47. Flower enclosed between a pair of bractlets; sepals generally 0; leaves generally bearing bead-like,sessilehairs or powdery scales ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (Atriplex) {G6,12}47' Flower not enclosed by a pair of bractlets; sepals 3–5; leaves glabrous or glaucous ..... AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranthus) {G6}
Lying flat on the ground.
Upright; vertically oriented.