Jepson eFlora



Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) . Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/ [accessed on ]



Key to groups

Family key to Group 7



Group 7: Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; only staminate flowers present; pistillate or bisexual flowers unavailable for examination

1. Plant parasitic on stem of woody host plant ..... VISCACEAE {G6,8,9,11,12,14}

1' Plant free-living, rooted in ground

2. Trunk unbranched, generally stout, covered with persistent woody 
leaf 
image missingOrgan arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
bases; leaves 4–7 m, pinnately compound ..... ARECACEAE (Phoenix) {G9,10}

2' Trunk(s) generally branched, stout or slender, generally not covered with persistent 
leaf 
image missingOrgan arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
bases; leaves generally smaller, 
simple 
image missingComposed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.
or compound

3. Leaves stiff and sword-like, 0.6–2 m, base much expanded, white, fleshy; inflorescence a large 
panicle 
image missing1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
..... RUSCACEAE (Nolina) {G6,8,9,16}

3' Leaves not sword-like, mostly smaller, base not much expanded, white, and fleshy; inflorescences various

4. Leaves 
opposite 
image missing1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.
or 
whorled 
image missingArranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node).

5. Leaves compound

6. Leaves 
palmate 
image missingMore than two structures or parts (e.g., veins, lobes, or leaflets) radiating from a common point in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane).
..... SAPINDACEAE

6' Leaves 
pinnate 
image missingFeather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc.

7. Woody vine; sepals generally 4, conspicuous, petal-like ..... RANUNCULACEAE (Clematis) {G9}

7' Tree or large shrub; sepals generally 5 or number difficult to determine, very small

8. Flowers 
sessile 
image missingWithout a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.
or borne on short, stout 
pedicels 
image missingStalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit.
..... OLEACEAE (Fraxinus) {G9,12,16}

8' Flowers borne on elongated, thread-like 
pedicels 
image missingStalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit.
..... SAPINDACEAE (Acer negundo) {G9}

5' Leaves 
simple 
image missingComposed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.

9. Leaf toothed or lobed

10. Leaf palmately veined and lobed ..... SAPINDACEAE (Acer) {G12,23}

10' Leaf pinnately veined and toothed

11. Petals 0; stamens 4–10 ..... PICRODENDRACEAE (4) {G9,12}

11' Petals 5, united in 
salverform 
image missingHaving a slender tube and an abruptly spreading, flat limb; often applied to a fused corolla.
 corolla; stamens 4, 
epipetalous 
image missingPertaining to stamens that are fused to the petals to various extents and therefore appear to arise from them.
..... SCROPHULARIACEAE (Buddleja) (2) {G9,19}

9' Leaf 
entire 
image missingHaving margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).
(strongly wavy in some Garrya species)

12. Inflorescence a 
catkin 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.

13. Leaf blades well developed; 
catkins 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.
elongate, pendent ..... GARRYACEAE {G9,11}

13' Leaves scale-, awl-, or needle-like; "catkins" short, not pendent — actually catkin-like pollen cone of gymnosperm

14. Internodes very short; stem concealed by persistent, overlapping, green, scale-, awl-, or needle-like leaves; pollen sacs 
sessile 
image missingWithout a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.
beneath scales of small cone ..... CUPRESSACEAE (2) {G4}

14' Internodes long; stem green, bearing dry, scale-like, often early-deciduous leaves; pollen sacs borne on filament-like stalk ..... EPHEDRACEAE {G4,9}

12' Inflorescence not a 
catkin 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.

15. Leaves 
whorled 
image missingArranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node).

16. Leaf with abaxial groove ..... ERICACEAE (Empetrum) (2) {G9,12,16}

16' Leaf flat or with midvein raised on abaxial face

17. Stamens 4; weak-stemmed shrub; stems 4-angled when young ..... RUBIACEAE (Galium) {G6,8,9,12}

17' Stamens 5–10; stiff shrub; stems round ..... PICRODENDRACEAE (4) {G9,12}

15' Leaves 
opposite 
image missing1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.

18. Herbage covered with silvery scales ..... ELAEAGNACEAE (Shepherdia) {G9,12}

18' Herbage glabrous or variously hairy

19. Petals fused proximally; stamens fused to corolla

20. Leaves glossy ..... RUBIACEAE ([Coprosma]) {G9}

20' Leaves densely hairy ..... SCROPHULARIACEAE (Buddleja) (2) {G9,19}

19' Petals free or 0; stamens free from corolla

21. Leaves thick, leathery, evergreen; flowers in peduncled, head-like clusters; sepals well developed ..... SIMMONDSIACEAE {G9,12}

21' Leaves thin, deciduous; flowers in 
sessile 
image missingWithout a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.
 
axillary 
image missingPertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.
clusters or short-peduncled racemes; sepals very small

22. Bark of young stems ± red; flowers pedicelled in short 
axillary 
image missingPertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.
 racemes; stamens 5–10 ..... PICRODENDRACEAE (4) {G9,12}

22' Bark of young stems gray; flowers ± 
sessile 
image missingWithout a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.
in 
axillary 
image missingPertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.
clusters; stamens 1–4 ..... OLEACEAE (Forestiera) {G9,12}

4' Leaves 
alternate 
image missing1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.
(leaf often 
opposite 
image missing1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.
a tendril or inflorescence in Vitaceae)

23. Tendrils present; plant a vine; inflorescence of umbels or a 
panicle 
image missing1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
of head- or umbel-like clusters

24. Tendrils each 
opposite 
image missing1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.
a 
leaf 
image missingOrgan arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
; calyx 0 or 5-lobed; petals 5, adherent at tips, ± yellow ..... VITACEAE (Vitis) {G9,12,23}

24' Tendrils 2+ near 
petiole 
image missingLeaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct.
base; perianth parts 6 in 2 whorls of 3, petal-like, free, white to ± green or ± yellow ..... SMILACACEAE {G6,8,9,16}

23' Tendrils 0; plant a shrub or tree, rarely a vine; inflorescence various

25. Inflorescence a 
catkin 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.
or 
spike 
image missing1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.

26. Leaves compound

27. Leaves 1- and 2-pinnate, leaflets 20–28 on 1-pinnate leaves ..... FABACEAE (Gleditsia) {G9}

27' Leaves 1-pinnate, leaflets 5–21

28. Plant evergreen — inflorescence resembles 
catkin 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.
when young, but is actually a branched 
panicle 
image missing1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
..... ANACARDIACEAE (Pistacia) {G11,12}

28' Plant deciduous ..... JUGLANDACEAE {G9,11}

26' Leaves 
simple 
image missingComposed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.

29. Shrubs of ± saline desert habitats; leaves sometimes thick, ± fleshy; spikes 
erect 
image missingUpright; vertically oriented.
or very short and 
axillary 
image missingPertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.

30. Leaf blades generally flat; perianth present though generally small and inconspicuous; bracts 0 or not 
peltate 
image missingWith the stalk attached toward the middle, not at a margin, of a flat structure such as an indusium, scale, or leaf.
..... CHENOPODIACEAE (2) {G6,8,9,11,15}

30' Leaf blades generally ± 
cylindric 
image missingElongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section.
; perianth 0; bracts 
peltate 
image missingWith the stalk attached toward the middle, not at a margin, of a flat structure such as an indusium, scale, or leaf.
..... SARCOBATACEAE {G9,11}

29' Shrubs or trees, generally of non-saline habitats; leaves mostly thinner, not fleshy; spikes or 
catkins 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.
 
erect 
image missingUpright; vertically oriented.
to pendent

31. Leaves scale-, awl- or needle-like; plants evergreen — catkin-like structure actually pollen cone of a gymnosperm

32. Pollen sacs borne on filament-like stalks ..... TAXACEAE {G4}

32' Pollen sacs 
sessile 
image missingWithout a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.
on abaxial side of scale-like structures

33. Scales with 2 pollen sacs; needle-like leaves 1–30 cm; bark generally separating in flakes or plates ..... PINACEAE {G4}

33' Scales with several pollen sacs; needle-like leaves (if present) 1–2.5 cm; bark thick, 
fibrous 
image missing1. Pertaining to structures that are composed at least in part of more or less thread-like but usually tough elements (e.g., Yucca leaves). 2. Pertaining to a root system composed of many roots similar in length and thickness (e.g., grass roots).
, persistent ..... CUPRESSACEAE (2) {G4}

31' Leaves with well developed blades; plants evergreen or deciduous

34. Bractlets of inflorescence well developed and readily visible at time of flower

35. Catkins pendent

36. Catkin-bractlets fringe-margined, early-deciduous; stamens 8–60; trees ..... SALICACEAE (Populus)

36' Catkin-bractlets 
entire 
image missingHaving margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).
or appearing 3-lobed, persistent; stamens 1–10; shrubs or trees ..... BETULACEAE {G9,11}

35' Catkins ± stiff, ± 
erect 
image missingUpright; vertically oriented.
to 
spreading 
image missingOriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal.
but generally not pendent

37. Low, brittle shrubs; leaves thin, 
crenate 
image missingPertaining to margins with shallow, rounded teeth, between which are usually acute sinuses (i.e., scalloped)
..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Acalypha) {G9,11}

37' Shrubs or trees, not brittle; leaves 
entire 
image missingHaving margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).
or toothed — 
catkin 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.
 bracts sometimes early-deciduous ..... SALICACEAE (Salix)

34' Bractlets of inflorescence 0 or very inconspicuous at time of flower

38. Evergreen shrubs or trees

39. Main veins of 
leaf 
image missingOrgan arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
parallel or nearly so — 2 perianth whorls actually present but sepals small and easily overlooked ..... FABACEAE (Acacia) (2)

39' Main veins of 
leaf 
image missingOrgan arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
clearly 
pinnate 
image missingFeather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc.

40. Leaves glabrous or with 
stellate 
image missingPertaining to a hair or other structure with three or more branches radiating in two or three dimensions from a common point.
 hairs, not gland-dotted; sepals present; generally of dry-land habitats; 
catkins 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.
slender, pendent, generally >= 2 cm ..... FAGACEAE (2) {G9,11}

40' Leaves glabrous or with minute, straight hairs, dotted with tiny resin glands; sepals 0; generally of moist, often wetland habitats; 
catkins 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.
short, dense, generally < 2 cm ..... MYRICACEAE (2) {G9,11}

38' Deciduous shrubs or trees

41. Sepals small but evident

42. Sepals 5–7; stamens 5–20; veins 
pinnate 
image missingFeather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc.
; 
leaf 
image missingOrgan arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
bases generally symmetric ..... FAGACEAE (2) {G9,11}

42' Sepals 4; stamens 4; veins 
palmate 
image missingMore than two structures or parts (e.g., veins, lobes, or leaflets) radiating from a common point in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane).
; 
leaf 
image missingOrgan arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
bases 
oblique 
image missingHaving unequal sides or an asymmetric base.
..... MORACEAE {G11,12}

41' Sepals 0 or calyx modified into cup- or saucer-shaped structure or reduced to a nectary

43. Leaves dotted with tiny resin glands; individual flowers difficult to distinguish ..... MYRICACEAE (2) {G9,11}

43' Leaves not gland-dotted; individual flowers clearly distinguishable on close examination ..... SALICACEAE {G9,11}

25' Inflorescence not a 
catkin 
image missingSpike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts.
or 
spike 
image missing1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.

44. Leaves and stems armed with prickles

45. Petals free; stamens many ..... ROSACEAE (Rubus ursinus) {G9}

45' Petals fused; stamens 5 ..... SOLANACEAE (Solanum marginatum)

44' Foliage not prickly, sometimes stems thorny or leaves spiny-toothed

46. Leaves palmately lobed

47. Leaves 
peltate 
image missingWith the stalk attached toward the middle, not at a margin, of a flat structure such as an indusium, scale, or leaf.
; inflorescence a 
panicle 
image missing1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Ricinus) {G9,12}

47' Leaves not 
peltate 
image missingWith the stalk attached toward the middle, not at a margin, of a flat structure such as an indusium, scale, or leaf.
; inflorescence a 
head 
image missing1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.
..... PLATANACEAE {G9,10,12}

46' Leaves not palmately lobed

48. Stems and leaves densely covered with 
stellate 
image missingPertaining to a hair or other structure with three or more branches radiating in two or three dimensions from a common point.
 hairs ..... EUPHORBIACEAE {G9,15}

48' Stems and leaves glabrous or hairy but hairs not 
stellate 
image missingPertaining to a hair or other structure with three or more branches radiating in two or three dimensions from a common point.

49. Stamens many

50. Sepals 4

51. Leaves not aromatic; petals 4; anthers dehiscing by slits ..... EBENACEAE

{G9, 19}

51' Leaves strongly aromatic; petals 0; anthers dehiscing by uplifted lids ..... LAURACEAE ([Laurus]) (2) {G9}

50' Sepals 5

52. Flowers in spheric heads; petals yellow, generally concealed by stamens; leaves 
simple 
image missingComposed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.
or 2-pinnate ..... FABACEAE (Acacia) (2)

52' Flowers in racemes; petals white, conspicuous; leaves 
simple 
image missingComposed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.
..... ROSACEAE (Oemleria) {G9}

49' Stamens 12 or fewer

53. Leaves compound

54. Leaflets with a few, gland-tipped teeth near base ..... SIMAROUBACEAE (Ailanthus) {G9,10,20}

54' Leaflets 
entire 
image missingHaving margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).
or teeth not gland-tipped

55. Leaflets 3–20, lance-linear to 
ovate 
image missingEgg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf.
, 10–130 mm ..... ANACARDIACEAE (2) {G9,20,23}

55' Leaflets 7–33, linear-oblong or narrowly 
elliptic 
image missingIn the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear
, 2–10 mm ..... BURSERACEAE {G9,20}

53' Leaves 
simple 
image missingComposed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.
(occasionally reduced to scales)

56. Shrub with thorny, generally leafless green stems; leaves scale-like to narrowly 
oblong 
image missingLonger than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear.
, early deciduous ..... SIMAROUBACEAE (Castela) {G9,10,23}

56' Tree, shrub, or woody vine, thorns occasionally present but stems generally leafy; leaves various, sometimes deciduous in winter or dry season

57. Flower parts in 3s — leaves with abaxial groove ..... ERICACEAE (Empetrum) (2) {G9,12,16}

57' Flower parts generally in 4s, 5s, or 6s

58. Flowers in involucred heads, these generally in few- to many-headed clusters ..... ASTERACEAE {G6,8,9,12,14,17}

58' Flowers solitary or variously clustered, not in involucred heads

59. Leaves generally ± gray, either softly hairy or covered with powdery scales ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (2) {G6,8,9,11,15}

59' Leaves green

60. Petals present

61. Leaves 
entire 
image missingHaving margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).
to lobed, not spiny-toothed; inflorescence a terminal or 
axillary 
image missingPertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.
 
panicle 
image missing1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
or umbel-like cluster, or flowers 1; flower parts generally in 5s

62. Petals 1–5 mm ..... ANACARDIACEAE (2) {G9,20,23}

62' Petals 10–15 mm ..... PITTOSPORACEAE (Pittosporum)

61' Leaves spiny-toothed or 
entire 
image missingHaving margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).
; inflorescence an 
axillary 
image missingPertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.
 
cyme 
image missing1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the central or uppermost flower opens before the peripheral or lowermost flowers on any axis. see 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a cyme-like inflorescence is one in which the central or uppermost inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, develop and mature before the peripheral or lowermost inflorescence units on any axis.
; flower parts in 4s or 5s

63. Stamens generally 4, 
alternate 
image missing1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.
 petals ..... AQUIFOLIACEAE {G9,19,23}

63' Stamens 4–5, 
opposite 
image missing1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.
 petals ..... RHAMNACEAE (Rhamnus) (2) {G9}

60' Petals 0

64. Leaves strongly aromatic; anthers dehiscing by uplifted lids ..... LAURACEAE ([Laurus]) (2) {G9}

64' Leaves not aromatic; anthers 
dehiscent 
image missingOpening at maturity to release contents; usually pertaining to anthers or fruits.
by slits

65. Stamens = in number to and 
alternate 
image missing1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.
 sepals ..... RHAMNACEAE (Rhamnus) (2) {G9}

65' Stamens = in number to and 
opposite 
image missing1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.
 sepals or > in number than sepals

66. Leaf 
blade 
image missingExpanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped.
2–12 mm; shrubs ..... PICRODENDRACEAE (4) {G9,12}

66' Leaf 
blade 
image missingExpanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped.
30–140 mm; trees or large shrubs

67. Leaf 3-veined from base; inflorescence a 
sessile 
image missingWithout a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.
 
axillary 
image missingPertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.
cluster ..... CANNABACEAE (Celtis) {G12}

67' Leaf 1-veined from base; inflorescence a stalked 
umbel 
image missing1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, an inflorescence in which three to many pedicels and, if compound, branches (rays) radiate from a common point; characteristic of but not confined to Apiaceae. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, an umbel-like inflorescence is one in which three to many stalked inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, radiate from a common point of attachment without an evident axis or branches.
or umbel-like 
raceme 
image missingIn flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
..... MORACEAE (Maclura) {G9}