Jepson Herbarium
The University and Jepson Herbaria
University of California, Berkeley
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Jepson Herbarium
The University and Jepson Herbaria
University of California, Berkeley
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Group 6: Herbs, subshrubs, or herbaceous vines; only staminate flowers present; pistillate or bisexual flowers unavailable for examination
1. Plant fully aquatic, submersed, floating in water, or stranded on mud2. Plant generally free-floating, at or just below water surface, plant body 0.4–10 mm; leaves and stems not differentiated; roots 0–few, unbranched — stamens emerging from tiny lateral, membrane-covered pouch or from minute cavity on top of plant body ..... ARACEAE {G2,8,13,15}2' Plant rooted in bottom sediments or free-floating, >> 10 mm; leaves and stems clearly differentiated; roots often branched3. Leavesalternate1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.
4. Flowers in dense, spheric heads, these solitary or inaxillaryor terminal clusters, not enclosed inPertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.
leafsheaths; freshwater habitats ..... TYPHACEAE (Sparganium) {G2,8,13}Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
4' Flowers inaxillaryspikes, these generally enclosed and concealed in sheaths of subtending leaves; marine habitats ..... ZOSTERACEAE {G2,8,13}3' Leavesoppositeor1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.
whorledArranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node).
5. Leaf bladesentire, toothed, or shallowly lobed ..... HYDROCHARITACEAE {G2,8,16}Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).
5' Leaf blades [at least those of submersed leaves] divided intolinearor thread-likeElongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong.
lobes1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth.
6. Blades of leaves repeatedlyforked..... CERATOPHYLLACEAE {G2,8,14,15}Pertaining to a hair or other structure that branches into two parts.
1' Plant terrestrial or parasitic on stem of woody host plant, or if growing in wet habitat, rooted in place and emerging well above water surface7. Plant parasitic on stem of woody host plant8. Flowers of parasite borne directly on stems of host; remainder of parasite internal within tissues of host; stems and leaves not differentiated; on Psorothamnus ..... APODANTHACEAE {G8}8' Flowers borne on leafy branches of parasite; shoots of parasite external; leaves differentiated though sometimes reduced to scales; on various woody hosts [not Psorothamnus] ..... VISCACEAE {G7,8,9,11,12,14}7' Plant free-living9. Leavesoppositeorwhorled, not allbasalAt or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary.
10. Stems or leaves thick and fleshy; inflorescence a terminalspike1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
11. Leaves ±cylindricor 3-angled in ×-section; petal-like perianth parts 4 ..... BATACEAE {G8,15,24}Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section.
10' Stems and leaves of normal texture, not thick and fleshy; inflorescences various12. Leaves palmately compound orsimpleand deeply lobed ..... CANNABACEAE {G8,15}Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.
12' Leavessimple,entireor toothed13. Leaveswhorled..... RUBIACEAE (Galium) {G7,8,9,12}13' Leavesopposite14. Leavessessileor nearly so,Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.
entire..... CARYOPHYLLACEAE {G8,15,24}14' Leaves conspicuously petioled, toothed
9' Leavesalternateor allbasal16. Leaves stiff and sword-like, 5–15 dm; inflorescence a largepanicle; perianth parts 6 ..... RUSCACEAE (Nolina) {G7,8,9,16}1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
16' Leaves not sword-like, often smaller; inflorescences various; perianth parts often other than 617. Leaf bladeslinearor narrowlylanceolate,Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip.
simpleandentire, veins parallel;leafbases sheathing18. Inflorescence apanicleorracemeof showy flowers; perianth parts all petal-like, white to ± yellow, each with a glistening, ± green-yellow gland in proximal half ..... MELANTHIACEAE (Toxicoscordion)In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
18' Inflorescence a cluster ofspikelets(sometimes panicle- or raceme-like); perianth parts 0 or minute scales1. In Poaceae, one or more florets (each a flower with subtending lemma and generally palea) and generally 2 subtending glumes; in a sterile spikelet, the flower(s) and sometimes palea(s) are rudimentary or absent. 2. In Cyperaceae, the smallest aggregation of flowers (generally more than 2) and associated bracts.
19. Stem triangular,nodesnot swollen;Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise.
leafblades channeled ..... CYPERACEAE (Carex)19' Stem round;nodesgenerally swollen and knot-like;leafblades generally flat ..... POACEAE {G2,5,8,13}17' Leaf blades variously shaped, sometimes toothed, lobed, or compound, veins mostlypinnateorFeather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc.
palmate;More than two structures or parts (e.g., veins, lobes, or leaflets) radiating from a common point in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane).
leafbases generally not sheathing20. Ocreae present, persistent or not;nodesgenerally swollen ..... POLYGONACEAE {G2,8,15,16,19}20' Ocreae 0;nodesgenerally not swollen21. Leaves allbasal22. Leaves compound, leaflets 3; perianth parts in 5s; stolons present ..... ROSACEAE (Fragaria) {G8}22' Leavessimple,entire; perianth parts in 3s; stolons 023. Perianth clearly differentiated into sepals and petals; plant ± emergent aquatic, annual orperennialherb ..... ALISMATACEAE (Sagittaria) {G8}Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone.
23' Perianth whorls not strongly differentiated, outer and inner similar; plant terrestrial, matted per ..... POLYGONACEAE (Eriogonum) {G8,12}21' At least some leaves cauline24. Plants vines25. Tendrils 0; perianth parts not at all petal-like; stamens free ..... CANNABACEAE (Humulus) {G8,15}25' Tendrils present; perianth parts petal-like26. Perianth parts fused, at least at base; stamens fused, number difficult to determine ..... CUCURBITACEAE {G8,14,17,21}
27. Flowers in heads or umbels28. Inflorescence asimpleor compoundumbel..... APIACEAE (2) {G2,8,14,20,21}1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, an inflorescence in which three to many pedicels and, if compound, branches (rays) radiate from a common point; characteristic of but not confined to Apiaceae. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, an umbel-like inflorescence is one in which three to many stalked inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, radiate from a common point of attachment without an evident axis or branches.
28' Inflorescence of 1 or more heads
29' Heads each subtended by aninvolucreGroup of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence.
27' Flowers inaxillaryclusters, racemes, orpanicles31. Leaves deeply lobed or compound32. Leaves palmately compound, the leafletsserrate..... CANNABACEAE (Cannabis) {G8,15}Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate.
32' Leaves pinnately dissected or compound, thelobesor leafletsentireto coarsely toothed33. Leavessimpleor 1-pinnate; anthers subsessile, 3–6 mm — sepals 4–9, inflorescence a leafyracemeorpanicle..... DATISCACEAE {G14}33' Leaves 2–4-pinnate; anthersexsertedon slender filamentsProtruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla).
34. Leaflets coarselycrenateor shallowly lobed; sepals 4–5; petals 0; anthersPertaining to margins with shallow, rounded teeth, between which are usually acute sinuses (i.e., scalloped)
linear, 1.5–5 mm; inflorescence an openpanicle..... RANUNCULACEAE (Thalictrum) {G8}34' Leaflets 2-serrate; sepals 5; petals 5; anthers oval, < 1 mm; inflorescence apanicleof dense spikes ..... ROSACEAE (Aruncus) {G8}31' Leavesentireor toothed35. Blades of leaves with several main veins; perianth parts >= 6 mm ..... MELANTHIACEAE (Veratrum) {G16}35' Blades of leaves with 1–3 main veins; perianth parts generally <= 5 mm
36' Herbage glabrous or with non-stinging hairs37. Leaves covered withstellatescales or hairs ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Croton) {G8,12}Pertaining to a hair or other structure with three or more branches radiating in two or three dimensions from a common point.
37' Leaves withoutstellatescales or hairs38. Leaves generally bearing bead-like,sessilehairs or powdery scales ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (Atriplex) {G8,12}38' Leaves glabrous or glaucous
39' Leaves thin or fleshy; sepals 2–6, petals 040. Milky latex present;leafbladebase generally with 2 glands ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Stillingia)Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped.
40' Milky latex 0;leafbladebase without glands41. Leaf ± round,bladewith translucent dots; plant mat-forming ..... URTICACEAE (Soleirolia) {G8}41' Leaflinearto (ob)ovate,bladewithout translucent dots; plant mat-forming toerect..... AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranthus) {G8}Upright; vertically oriented.
Lying flat on the ground.