Jepson Herbarium
The University and Jepson Herbaria
University of California, Berkeley
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Jepson Herbarium
The University and Jepson Herbaria
University of California, Berkeley
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Group 16: Perianth parts in 2 or more whorls, parts 2 or 3 per whorl; pistil 1
1. Ovary fully inferior2. Leaf parallel veined
3' Leaves not fleshy,entire, not spine-tippedHaving margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).
4. Fertile stamens 1–2, filament(s) and anther(s) wholly fused above ovary to stigma and style, forming acolumn; ovary with a half twist; ovules many, microscopic; seeds dust-like ..... ORCHIDACEAEStructure at the center of an orchid flower formed by fusion of stamen(s) and style.
4' Fertile stamens 3 or more, not fused to stigma and style; ovary straight; ovules not microscopic; seeds well developed5. Stamens 6; leaves not 2-ranked and folded (0 at flower in Amaryllis); adaxial and abaxial faces both visible ..... AMARYLLIDACEAE5' Stamens 3; leaves 2-ranked, generally folded lengthwise and apparently attached "edge-on", only abaxial face ofleafvisible ..... IRIDACEAEOrgan arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).
2' Leaf pinnately or palmately veined6. Leavesbasal, palmately veined and lobed, prickly —At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary.
petiole1–1.5 m,Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct.
blade1–2+ m ..... GUNNERACEAE {G14}Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped.
6' Leaves cauline, pinnately veined,entireor toothed, smooth7. Leavesopposite; petals 2, 1–1.5 mm, white; fruit1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.
indehiscent, with hooked hairs ..... ONAGRACEAE (Circaea)Not opening inherently to release contents; usually pertaining to fruits.
7' Leavesalternate; petals 3, yellow; fruit1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.
dehiscent, without hooked hairsOpening at maturity to release contents; usually pertaining to anthers or fruits.
8' Petals >= 30 mm; leaves ±elliptic, 20–55 cm ..... [ZINGIBERACEAE]In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear
1' Ovary superior or partially inferior9. Stemnodeswith small, dry, sometimes spiny-spurred, scale-like leaves that subtend 1–20 thread-like, needle-like, orPosition on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise.
ovate, leaf-like branchlets —Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf.
erectto sprawling herb, sub-shrub, or twining vine ..... ASPARAGACEAEUpright; vertically oriented.
9' Stemnodeswithout small, dry, scale-like leaves that subtend leaf-like branches
10' Leaves generally not needle-like, generally not abaxially grooved; herb to tree11. Plant submersed aquatic; leaves very thin, 1-veined,oppositeorwhorled; flowers generally unisexual ..... HYDROCHARITACEAE (2) {G2,6,8}Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node).
11' Plant terrestrial, or if aquatic, leaves not very thin, 1-veined, andoppositeorwhorled12. Leaf venationpinnateorFeather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc.
palmate, smaller veins generally forming a network (occasionally only midvein evident)More than two structures or parts (e.g., veins, lobes, or leaflets) radiating from a common point in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane).
13. Tendrils present; vine; leavesovate— flowers unisexual; plants dioecious ..... SMILACACEAE {G6,7,8,9}13' Tendrils 0; herb, shrub, or tree (occasionally vine with twining stem); leaves various14. Leaves compound or deeply lobed15. Herb16. Perennial herb; leavesbasal, 2–3-ternate; petals in 2 tight whorls of 3; sepals in 4–5 whorls of 3 ..... BERBERIDACEAE (Vancouveria) {G20}16' Annual; leaves cauline, 1-ternate or 1-odd-pinnate; petals 3; sepals 3 ..... LIMNANTHACEAE (Floerkea) {G10}15' Shrub or tree
17' Trunk(s) branched, with leaves < 50 cm, distributed on twigs18. Leavesalternate; leaflets spiny-toothed; fruit berry ..... BERBERIDACEAE (Berberis) {G20}18' Leavesopposite; leafletsserrate; fruit wingedHaving margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate.
achene..... OLEACEAE (Fraxinus) {G7,9,12}Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela.
19. Plant woody
20' Stamens 2–921. Leafbladegland-dotted, aromatic; anthers dehiscing by uplifted lids; fruit fleshy ..... LAURACEAE {G12}21' Leafbladenot gland-dotted, not aromatic; anthers dehiscing by slits; fruit dry22. Inner perianth parts 2, petal-like, outer minutely 4-lobed, ± green; fruit winged, 22–30 mm ..... OLEACEAE (Fraxinus parryi)22' Inner and outer perianth parts in 3s, all petal-like; fruit 3-angledachene, < 5 mm ..... POLYGONACEAE (2) {G2,6,8,15,19}19' Plant herbaceous23. Flowerbilateral, proximal portion of calyx with a protruding, hollow spur ..... BALSAMINACEAE {G24}Divisible into mirror-image halves in only one way.
24' Cauline leavesalternate,opposite, orwhorled, sometimes reduced to bracts; flowers >> 1, small25. Fruitachene, (2)3-angled — inner and outer perianth generally similar, both whorls petal-like or both sepal-like (inner perianth parts much enlarged in fruit in Rumex) ..... POLYGONACEAE (2) {G2,6,8,15,19}25' Fruit capsule26. Leaves not fleshy; plant ± aquatic; flowersaxillary; outer perianth parts 2–3, ± = inner; stigmas 3; seeds many, surface net-like, brown to yellow-brown ..... ELATINACEAE (Elatine)Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.
26' Leaves fleshy; plant terrestrial; flowers in ± 1-sided raceme-, panicle-, or umbel-like cluster; outer perianth parts 2, > inner; stigmas 2; seeds 1–many, shiny, black ..... MONTIACEAE (Calyptridium) {G24}12' Leaf venation parallel, sometimes in wider leaves several larger veins originating fromleafbase but smaller veins parallel to them and not forming a network27. Shrub, tree, or densely leafyrosetteplant; leaves ± sword-like or ± grass-like,fibrousand/or fleshy, persisting > 1 year1. Pertaining to structures that are composed at least in part of more or less thread-like but usually tough elements (e.g., Yucca leaves). 2. Pertaining to a root system composed of many roots similar in length and thickness (e.g., grass roots).
28. Ovules 2 per chamber29. Flowersbisexual; fruit a berry ..... LAXMANNIACEAEBoth male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).
29' Flowers generally unisexual (occasionally some bisexual); fruit a papery capsule ..... RUSCACEAE (Nolina) {G6,7,8,9}28' Ovules 3–many per chamber
30' Perianth ± white31. Leaves sword-like; style 1 or stigmassessile..... AGAVACEAE (2)Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.
27' Herb; leaves generally thin, generally not persisting (sometimes ± cylindric)32. Sepals and petals clearly different33. Plant aquatic, plant body submersed or leaves floating to emergent ..... HYDROCHARITACEAE (2) {G2,6,8}33' Plant terrestrial34. Above-ground stem 0, leaves 2–3(4), allbasal; sepals much wider than narrowlylinearpetals; stamens 3;Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong.
pedicelstwisted,Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit.
recurvedin age; fruit touching soil ..... LILIACEAE (Scoliopus)Gradually curved downward or backward.
34' Above-ground stem well developed, ± leafy; sepals much narrower thanreniformto generally widelyKidney-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and concave.
ovatepetals; stamens 6, sometimes 3 sterile;pedicelsnotrecurvedin age; fruit not touching soil
35' Petals hairy, generally persistent several days; ovary ±cylindric; seeds many ..... LILIACEAE (Calochortus)Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section.
32' Sepals and petals very similar36. Perianth parts scale-like, green to brown or ± purple-black or tinged ± red-purple37. Inflorescence of 1–many flowers, variously clustered, subtended individually and/or in small groups by bracts; style 1, stigmas 2–3, slender,spreading; fruit a capsule ..... JUNCACEAE {G13}Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal.
37' Inflorescence a bractlessraceme; stigmas 3 or 6, ±In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
sessile; fruit breaking into mericarps ..... JUNCAGINACEAE {G2,10,13}36' Perianth parts petal-like, generally not green to brown or ± purple-black or tinged ± red-purple38. Inflorescence anumbel(rarely flower solitary or in short, dense raceme); leaves all1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, an inflorescence in which three to many pedicels and, if compound, branches (rays) radiate from a common point; characteristic of but not confined to Apiaceae. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, an umbel-like inflorescence is one in which three to many stalked inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, radiate from a common point of attachment without an evident axis or branches.
basal, arising from bulb or corm
39' Fruit a capsule40. Plant with onion odor; inflorescence bracts 2 (sometimes fused), wholly enclosing immature inflorescence, but generally not formed amongpedicels; stems and leaves arising from bulb ..... ALLIACEAE {G1}40' Plant without onion odor; inflorescence bracts (2)3 or more, not wholly enclosing immature inflorescence, and some formed amongpedicels; stems and leaves arising from corm ..... THEMIDACEAE38' Inflorescence various, often aracemeorpanicle, if flowers in umbels stem ± leafy or with scale-like bracts; leaves1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.
basaland/or cauline, underground parts various41. Perianth parts proximally ± fused into tube42. Plant aquatic, floating on water surface, stranded on mud, or rooting in bottom sediments; flowers generally open only 1 day ..... PONTEDERIACEAE42' Plant generally terrestrial, sometimes in damp soil; flowers generally open > 1 day
43' Ovary above-ground; perianth tube not stalk-like
44' Perianth white to ± yellow
41' Perianth parts free or nearly so46. Leaves mostly or all cauline47. Styles 3; flowersbisexualor staminate ..... MELANTHIACEAE (Veratrum) {G6}47' Style 1 or stigmassessile; flowersbisexual
46' Leaves allbasalor basal and cauline49. All or some filaments densely hairy
49' Filaments glabrous (or expanded filament base puberulent)51. Styles 3
53' Cauline leaves 0 or reduced tolinearor scale-like bracts54. LeaflanceolateorNarrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip.
ovatetoellipticor obovate ..... LILIACEAE (3)
55' Leaves ±cylindric, hollow; stems several–many from tuber-likerhizome..... ASPHODELACEAE (Asphodelus)1. In seed plants, stem that is often elongate, more or less horizontal, usually underground; distinguished from roots by bearing of leaves, leaf scars, axillary buds, etc. 2. In ferns, stem that is located underground, embedded in leaf litter, on rocks or in rock crevices, or on trees or tree branches, often scaly or hairy; distinguished from roots by bearing of fronds (roots rarely bear fronds), and their greater diameter.
Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.
Divisible into mirror-image halves in three or more ways.