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Jepson eFlora
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) . Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/ [accessed on ]
Key to groups
Family key to Group 15
Group 15: Herbs, subshrubs, or herbaceous vines; leaf venation generally pinnate or palmate; perianth in 1 whorl or 0; pistil 1, ovary superior
1. Leaves opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. or whorled  Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). 2. Plant aquatic, weak-stemmed; submersed, floating, or stranded on mud 3. Leaves opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ; ovary lobed or unlobed; seeds 4–many 3' Leaves whorled Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). ; ovary unlobed; seed 1 5. Leaves dissected into narrow lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. ..... CERATOPHYLLACEAE {G2,6,8,14} 2' Plant terrestrial, sometimes in damp soil, or in areas flooded at high tide 6. Ovary chambers 2 or more (doubtful cases should be keyed both ways) 8. Style 0, stigma sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. ; leaves ± cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. or 3-angled in ×-section, fleshy; milky latex 0; plants of coastal salt-marshes ..... BATACEAE {G6,8,24} 8' Styles or stigmas 2–3, free; leaves thin; milky latex present or 0; plants of various habitats but not salt marsh ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (3) {G7,9} 7' Flowers bisexual  Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). 9. Leaves opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. , equal; fruit circumscissile  Dehiscence, usually of a fruit (capsule), by a transverse line, the top coming off as a lid. — 1/2-inferior ovary may appear superior ..... AIZOACEAE (Sesuvium) 9' Leaves whorled Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). , often unequal; fruit loculicidal  Pertaining to dehiscence of a fruit (capsule) by a longitudinal line through the wall at or near the center of each chamber, such that each resulting segment corresponds to the two adjacent halves of two adjacent chambers, usually with a placenta-bearing septum centrally. ..... MOLLUGINACEAE 10. Ovules 2–many; fruit a capsule 11. Perianth parts 6(8) — sepals actually present in bud  1. An incompletely developed, more or less embryonic shoot, usually covered with bud scales. 2. An unopened flower, often protected by sepals. , but early-deciduous, 0 in open flower ..... PAPAVERACEAE (2) (Papaveroideae) 12. Sepals free; flowers generally in cymes  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the central or uppermost flower opens before the peripheral or lowermost flowers on any axis. see 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a cyme-like inflorescence is one in which the central or uppermost inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, develop and mature before the peripheral or lowermost inflorescence units on any axis. ..... CARYOPHYLLACEAE (2) {G6,8,24} 12' Sepals fused; flowers solitary in leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). axils 13. Leaves of a pair unequal; stipules present; fruit circumscissile Dehiscence, usually of a fruit (capsule), by a transverse line, the top coming off as a lid. ..... AIZOACEAE {G14,17,21} 10' Ovule 1; fruit an achene  Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. , 1-seeded capsule, or utricle  Mostly dry, dehiscent or indehiscent fruit from a generally compound pistil in which a balloon- or bladder-like ovary wall loosely encloses (or, in some Amaranthaceae, is adherent to) a single seed. 14. Style 1, undivided or stigma 1, sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. 15. Sepals petal-like, fused into a tube; leaves entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). or slightly lobed, stinging hairs 0 ..... NYCTAGINACEAE {G5,14,17,19} 15' Sepals green, small, inconspicuous; leaves toothed or entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). , sometimes with stinging hairs 16' Herbage glabrous or ± hairy, hairs not branched (stinging hairs present in Hesperocnide, Urtica) ..... URTICACEAE (2) {G6,8} 14' Styles or style branches 2 or more 17' Leaves simple  Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. , entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). or toothed 18. Fruit a 3-angled achene Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. ; perianth parts 6 [actually in 2 whorls of 3, but this may not be evident in open flowers] ..... POLYGONACEAE (3) {G2,6,8,16,19} 18' Fruit not 3-angled; perianth parts <= 5 20. Leaves petioled, fleshy; fruit a circumscissile Dehiscence, usually of a fruit (capsule), by a transverse line, the top coming off as a lid. capsule ..... AIZOACEAE (Trianthema) 20' Leaves sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. , not fleshy; fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent  Not opening inherently to release contents; usually pertaining to fruits. ..... CARYOPHYLLACEAE (2) {G6,8,24} 19' Leaves without stipules 21. Leaves reduced to fleshy scales; inflorescence a fleshy spike  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (3) {G6,7,8,9,11} 21' Leaves linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. ; inflorescences various or flowers solitary 22. Sepals erect  Upright; vertically oriented. , linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. , fused below and hardened around ovary; stamens fused to calyx; slender annual, generally <= 15 cm; leaves narrowly linear, <= 15 mm ..... CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Scleranthus) {G14} 22' Sepals erect Upright; vertically oriented. or spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. , free, not hardened around ovary (sepals generally 0 in pistillate flowers of Atriplex, which has a pair of ± hardened bractlets around fruit); stamens free from calyx; plants often larger, annual or perennial  Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb; leaves various 23. Bracts subtending flowers dry, scarious; plants neither fleshy nor with powdery or beaded surface; habitats generally not saline ..... AMARANTHACEAE (2) 23' Bracts subtending flowers leaf-like or fleshy; plants often fleshy or with powdery or beaded surface; habitats often ± saline 24. Sepals pink or white, papery; plant from rhizome  1. In seed plants, stem that is often elongate, more or less horizontal, usually underground; distinguished from roots by bearing of leaves, leaf scars, axillary buds, etc. 2. In ferns, stem that is located underground, embedded in leaf litter, on rocks or in rock crevices, or on trees or tree branches, often scaly or hairy; distinguished from roots by bearing of fronds (roots rarely bear fronds), and their greater diameter. ..... AMARANTHACEAE (Nitrophila) 24' Sepals green or ± red-tinged, herbaceous; rhizome 1. In seed plants, stem that is often elongate, more or less horizontal, usually underground; distinguished from roots by bearing of leaves, leaf scars, axillary buds, etc. 2. In ferns, stem that is located underground, embedded in leaf litter, on rocks or in rock crevices, or on trees or tree branches, often scaly or hairy; distinguished from roots by bearing of fronds (roots rarely bear fronds), and their greater diameter. 0 ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (3) {G6,7,8,9,11} 1' Leaves alternate  1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. or all basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. 25. Plant aquatic, raft-like, floating on water surface or stranded on shoreline — leaves in rosettes A radiating cluster of leaves generally at or near ground level. , wedge-shaped, sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. , velvety; flowers enclosed by small, sheathing bracts ..... ARACEAE ([Pistia]) {G2} 25' Plant terrestrial or rooted in shallow water 26. Inflorescence a ± fleshy spike 1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. enclosed by a large, basally sheathing, often petal-like bract  Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. ; petiole  Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. stout ..... ARACEAE {G2,6,8,13} 26' Inflorescence various but not a fleshy spike 1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. subtended by a sheathing bract Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. ; leaves sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. or ± slender-petioled 27. Leaves with stipules, generally well developed 28. Style 1, unbranched, or stigma sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. 29. Ovule 1; fruit an achene Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. ..... ROSACEAE {G10,20,21,22,23} 29' Ovules several to many; fruit a capsule — late season cleistogamous flowers formed in most Viola species ..... VIOLACEAE {G5,20,24} 28' Styles or stigmas 2 or more 30' Leaves simple Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. , entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). to lobed 31. Plant a vine, stems twining 31' Plant prostrate  Lying flat on the ground. to erect Upright; vertically oriented. , stems not twining 33. Stipules fused into a membranous sheath  A surrounding or partially surrounding, often tubular structure or part of a structure, such as a leaf base in Apiaceae or Poaceae. [ocrea] around stem, the sheath sometimes torn or shredded as branches develop ..... POLYGONACEAE (3) {G2,6,8,16,19} 33' Stipules free, not fused around stem, not torn or shredded as branches develop 34. Annual; stems prostrate Lying flat on the ground. ; stinging hairs 0; flowers bisexual Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). ..... CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Herniaria) 34' Perennial herb; stems spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. to erect Upright; vertically oriented. ; stinging hairs present; flowers unisexual ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Tragia) {G6} 27' Leaves without stipules, sometimes reduced to scale-like bracts 35. Inflorescence flower-like with a cup-like involucre  Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. bearing 1–4(5) nectary glands that sometimes have flattened, white to ± pink, petal-like, marginal appendages — stamens [actually staminate flowers] each with a jointed stalk [composed of a filament and a pedicel], pistillate flower 1, generally exserted  Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla). from involucre, ovary 3-lobed ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (3) {G7,9} 35' Inflorescence not flower-like or with a cup-like, nectary-gland-bearing involucre Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. 36. Perianth parts 4 or 6, ± petal-like 37. Perianth parts 4 or 6, free; stigmas 1–many, generally sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. ; fruit a capsule — sepals actually present in bud 1. An incompletely developed, more or less embryonic shoot, usually covered with bud scales. 2. An unopened flower, often protected by sepals. , but early-deciduous, 0 in open flower ..... PAPAVERACEAE (2) (Papaveroideae) 37' Perianth parts 6, proximally fused; stigmas 3, at tips of slender styles; fruit a 3-angled achene Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. ..... POLYGONACEAE (3) {G2,6,8,16,19} 36' Perianth parts <= 5, sometimes 0, generally not petal-like 38. Leaves all basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. , palmately compound; leaflets 3; perianth 0 ..... BERBERIDACEAE (Achlys) 38' Leaves cauline, simple Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. ; perianth generally present 39. Ovule 1; inflorescences various 40. Herbage ± densely covered with branched hairs 41. Flowers bisexual Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). ; hairs soft, irregularly branched, branches all short; fruit indehiscent Not opening inherently to release contents; usually pertaining to fruits. — leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). arrangement variable, often difficult to interpret ..... AMARANTHACEAE (Tidestromia) (2) 41' Flowers unisexual; hairs harshly stellate  Pertaining to a hair or other structure with three or more branches radiating in two or three dimensions from a common point. , central branches often long, spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. , bristle-like; fruit dehiscent  Opening at maturity to release contents; usually pertaining to anthers or fruits. ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Croton setiger) 40' Herbage glabrous or ± hairy, hairs not branched 43. Bracts subtending flowers scarious-margined or dry and scarious throughout ..... AMARANTHACEAE (2) 39' Ovules 2–many; inflorescence generally a raceme  In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. (spike, axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. cluster) 44' Flowers bisexual Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). 45' Plant green and photosynthetic 47. Stems ± erect Upright; vertically oriented. , <= 3(7) m; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). 6–36 cm; flowers many in spike 1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. or raceme In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. ; fruit a berry, chambers 5–12; perianth radial  Divisible into mirror-image halves in three or more ways. ..... PHYTOLACCACEAE 47' Stems ± decumbent  lying mostly flat on the ground but with tips curving up. , 0.5–3.5 dm; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). <= 6 cm; flowers 1–few in raceme In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. ; fruit a capsule; chambers 2; perianth bilateral  Divisible into mirror-image halves in only one way. — some flowers often ± cleistogamous ..... POLYGALACEAE {G18,22,23,24}
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