Jepson eFlora Family Key to Group 12

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) . Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/ [accessed on ]

Group 12: Shrubs, trees, or woody vines; perianth in one whorl or absent; flowers bisexual or unisexual; inflorescence various but not catkin or catkin-like spike; pistil 1

1. Plant parasitic on stem of woody host plant ..... VISCACEAE {G6,7,8,9,11,14}

1' Plant rooted in soil, not parasitic

2. Inflorescence a dense 

spike 

1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.

or a spheric 

head 

1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.

, or flowers enclosed within a fleshy, hollow receptacle

3. Leaves pinnately compound or modified into 

linear 

Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong.

to 

oblong 

Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear.

or narrowly 

elliptic 

In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear

, 

entire 

Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).

, flattened axes without leaflets; fruit a legume — perianth actually of 2 whorls, the calyx easily overlooked ..... FABACEAE (Mimosoideae)

3' Leaves 

simple 

Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.

, 

ovate 

Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf.

or wider in overall outline, 

entire 

Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).

, toothed, or palmately lobed; fruit not a legume

4. Inflorescence a hollow receptacle enclosing many tiny flowers; ripened inflorescence an externally smooth, fleshy multiple fruit [a fig]; milky latex present ..... MORACEAE (Ficus)

4' Inflorescence a short, dense 

spike 

1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.

or a 

head 

1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.

; ripened pistillate inflorescence an externally roughened spike or spheric head; milky latex present or 0

5. Perianth parts fused into a tube; flowers 

bisexual 

Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).

..... ASTERACEAE (2) {G6,7,8,9,14,17}

5' Perianth parts free; flowers unisexual

6. Lf-blade 

entire 

Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).

to toothed, sometimes irregularly few-lobed, faces glabrous or sparsely short-hairy; ripened pistillate inflorescence a fleshy 

spike 

1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.

or 

head 

1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.

; milky latex present; 

petiole 

Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct.

base not expanded, not covering 

axillary 

Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.

 

bud 

1. An incompletely developed, more or less embryonic shoot, usually covered with bud scales. 2. An unopened flower, often protected by sepals.

; stipules membranous, free, generally early-deciduous ..... MORACEAE {G7,11}

6' Lf-blade ± deeply palmately lobed, the 

lobes 

1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth.

 

entire 

Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).

or ± toothed, faces densely stellate-tomentose when young; ripened pistillate inflorescence a dry 

head 

1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.

of long-stiff-hairy achenes; milky latex 0; 

petiole 

Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct.

base expanded, covering 

axillary 

Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.

 

bud 

1. An incompletely developed, more or less embryonic shoot, usually covered with bud scales. 2. An unopened flower, often protected by sepals.

; stipules large and green, fused around stem, persistent or deciduous — pistils actually > 1 ..... PLATANACEAE {G7,9,10}

2' Inflorescence not a dense 

spike 

1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.

or a spheric 

head 

1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.

, flowers not enclosed in a fleshy, hollow receptacle

7. Flowers unisexual, plant monoecious; pistillate inflorescence 1–5-flowered, maturing as a bur with spiny, knob-like, or membranous 

bract 

Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower.

tips; staminate inflorescence a 

head 

1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.

..... ASTERACEAE (Ambrosia)

7' Flowers 

bisexual 

Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).

, or if unisexual, pistillate inflorescence not 1–5-flowered and maturing as a bur with spiny, knob-like, or membranous 

bract 

Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower.

tips; staminate inflorescence various

8. Ovary inferior, partly so, or appearing so

9. Herbage covered with silvery scales; fruit drupe-like — ovary actually superior, ripening as an 

achene 

Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela.

, tightly enclosed by 

hypanthium 

Structure generally in the shape of a tube, cup, or bowl, derived from the fused lower portions of the perianth and stamens, from which these parts seem to arise, and to which the ovary wall is fused in an inferior ovary (to which the ovary wall is partially fused in a half-inferior ovary; from which the ovary is free in a superior ovary).

base that becomes fleshy at maturity ..... ELAEAGNACEAE

9' Herbage without silvery scales; fruit various

10. Inflorescence unit an involucred 

head 

1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches.

, superficially resembling a single flower ..... ASTERACEAE (2) {G6,7,8,9,14,17}

10' Inflorescence open or flowers solitary or paired

11. Trees, evergreen; stamens many; leaves aromatic — perianth early-deciduous as cap ..... MYRTACEAE (Eucalyptus)

11' Shrubs or woody vines, evergreen or deciduous; stamens 4–12; leaves generally not aromatic

12. Perianth 

rotate 

Wheel-shaped, spreading, or saucer-shaped; often applied to a fused corolla with a short or nonexistent tube and a spreading limb.

, 

lobes 

1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth.

>> tube; leaves 

whorled 

Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node).

; fruit 2-lobed ..... RUBIACEAE (Galium) {G6,7,8,9}

12' Perianth tubular, 

lobes 

1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth.

<< tube; leaves 

alternate 

1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.

or 

opposite 

1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.

; fruit not lobed

13. Leaves 

alternate 

1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.

; perianth tube U-shaped; twining vine ..... ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Aristolochia)

13' Leaves 

opposite 

1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.

; perianth tube straight; 

erect 

Upright; vertically oriented.

 shrub ..... CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Lonicera involucrata)

8' Ovary superior

14. Leaves 

opposite 

1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.

or 

whorled 

Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node).

15. Fruit winged, 

indehiscent 

Not opening inherently to release contents; usually pertaining to fruits.

; leaves generally lobed or compound

16. Style evident, stigma 1, 

entire 

Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).

or slightly 2-lobed; fruit 1-winged, not splitting; leaves pinnately compound (leaflet generally 1 in Fraxinus anomala) ..... OLEACEAE (Fraxinus) {G7,9,16}

16' Style very short, stigmas 2(3), elongate; fruit 2(3)-winged, generally splitting into mericarps; leaves palmately lobed or compound or pinnately compound ..... SAPINDACEAE (Acer) {G7,23}

15' Fruit not winged; leaves 

simple 

Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.

, 

entire 

Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).

or toothed

17. Flowers 

bisexual 

Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).

; stamens 20–25(30) ..... ROSACEAE (Coleogyne)

17' Flowers unisexual; stamens generally 3–12

18. Leaf covered with silvery scales ..... ELAEAGNACEAE (Shepherdia) {G7,9}

18' Leaf glabrous or ± hairy

19. Leaves needle-like, abaxially grooved ..... ERICACEAE (Empetrum) (2) {G7,9,16}

19' Leaves not needle-like, not grooved

20. Staminate and pistillate flowers in 

sessile 

Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk.

 umbels; style 1, stigma 

entire 

Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).

or 2-lobed ..... OLEACEAE (Forestiera) {G7,9}

20' Staminate flowers clustered, pistillate flowers generally solitary; styles or stigmas (2)3–5

21. Staminate inflorescence a 

raceme 

In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.

or 

panicle 

1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.

, flowers clearly stalked; fruit 3–4-lobed ..... PICRODENDRACEAE {G7,9}

21' Staminate inflorescence head-like, flowers subsessile; fruit unlobed ..... SIMMONDSIACEAE {G7,9}

14' Leaves 

alternate 

1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.

22. Leaves pinnately compound or very deeply pinnately divided

23. Perianth parts ± brown-green, inconspicuous, bract-like; flowers unisexual, plants dioecious ..... ANACARDIACEAE (Pistacia) {G7,11}

23' Perianth parts petal-like, conspicuous; flowers 

bisexual 

Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).

24. Shrub; flowers solitary; perianth 

radial 

Divisible into mirror-image halves in three or more ways.

, parts 6, white — sepals actually present in 

bud 

1. An incompletely developed, more or less embryonic shoot, usually covered with bud scales. 2. An unopened flower, often protected by sepals.

, but early-deciduous, 0 in open flower ..... PAPAVERACEAE (Romneya) {G22}

24' Tree; flowers in 

raceme 

In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1.

; perianth 

bilateral 

Divisible into mirror-image halves in only one way.

, parts 4, yellow or orange, proximally ± red ..... PROTEACEAE

22' Leaves 

simple 

Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched.

, sometimes lobed

25. Inflorescence flower-like with a cup-like 

involucre 

Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence.

bearing colored, often petal-like nectaries; each stamen [actually a staminate flower] with a jointed stalk [composed of a filament and a pedicel]; pistil [actually pistillate flower] 3-lobed, generally 

exserted 

Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla).

from involucre; milky latex present ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Euphorbia)

25' Inflorescences various, but not flower-like; stamens generally > 1 per flower, the filaments not jointed; pistils various; milky latex generally 0

26. Anthers opening by pores with hinged lids; 

leaf 

Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).

strongly aromatic — 2-whorled nature of perianth may not be evident in open flowers ..... LAURACEAE {G16}

26' Anthers opening by slits; 

leaf 

Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).

generally not aromatic

27. Leaves fleshy, 

cylindric 

Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section.

to ± flat ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (Suaeda)

27' Leaves not fleshy, generally flat

28. Leaf palmately veined and lobed

29. Woody vine; tendrils present — calyx 0 or reduced to an 

entire 

Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).

or slightly lobed rim, easily overlooked ..... VITACEAE (Vitis) {G7,9,23}

29' Erect or 

spreading 

Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal.

 shrub; tendrils 0

30. Leaf 

peltate 

With the stalk attached toward the middle, not at a margin, of a flat structure such as an indusium, scale, or leaf.

, glabrous; flowers unisexual, perianth parts ± green, free; stamens very many, the filaments irregularly joined in clusters ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Ricinus) {G7,9}

30' Leaf not 

peltate 

With the stalk attached toward the middle, not at a margin, of a flat structure such as an indusium, scale, or leaf.

, stellate-hairy; flowers 

bisexual 

Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).

, perianth parts yellow or orange to ± red, petal-like; stamens 5, filaments fused in 1 group ..... MALVACEAE (Fremontodendron) {G19}

28' Leaf pinnately veined or only midvein evident, generally unlobed

31. Perianth parts 2–10 cm; ovules many — sepals actually present in 

bud 

1. An incompletely developed, more or less embryonic shoot, usually covered with bud scales. 2. An unopened flower, often protected by sepals.

, but early-deciduous, 0 in open flower ..... PAPAVERACEAE (Papaveroideae) {G15,20,22,24}

31' Perianth parts generally < 1.5 cm; ovules 1–2 per chamber

32. Plant covered with ± gray or silvery scales

33. Flowers tubular in proximal half, some or all 

bisexual 

Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).

; tree or large shrub; leaves linear-lanceolate to 

oblong 

Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear.

..... ELAEAGNACEAE (Elaeagnus)

33' Flowers not tubular, all unisexual, plant dioecious; shrub; leaves various

34. Ovary of pistillate flower enclosed by 2 

appressed 

Parallel or nearly parallel to and often in contact with surface of origin; used to describe the disposition of hairs, leaves, pedicels, etc.

 bracts; 

leaf 

Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).

surface scales powder-like, not 

stellate 

Pertaining to a hair or other structure with three or more branches radiating in two or three dimensions from a common point.

..... CHENOPODIACEAE (Atriplex) {G6,8}

34' Ovary of pistillate flower subtended by 5 sepals; 

leaf 

Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets).

surface scales 

stellate 

Pertaining to a hair or other structure with three or more branches radiating in two or three dimensions from a common point.

..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Croton) {G6,8}

32' Plant without scales

35. Perianth parts 6 — 2-whorled nature of perianth may not be evident in open flowers

36. Flowers solitary, 

axillary 

Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil.

, unisexual; fruit a berry ..... ERICACEAE (Empetrum) (2) {G7,9,16}

36' Flowers in involucred umbels, 

bisexual 

Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).

; fruit an 

achene 

Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela.

..... POLYGONACEAE (Eriogonum) {G6,8}

35' Perianth parts generally 4 or 5

37. Stamens = in number to and 

alternate 

1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'.

 sepals ..... RHAMNACEAE {G21,23}

37' Stamens = in number to and 

opposite 

1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from.

 sepals or > in number than sepals

38. Style and stigma 1

39. Style feathery with long, stiff hairs; fruit an 

achene 

Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela.

surrounded by a tubular 

hypanthium 

Structure generally in the shape of a tube, cup, or bowl, derived from the fused lower portions of the perianth and stamens, from which these parts seem to arise, and to which the ovary wall is fused in an inferior ovary (to which the ovary wall is partially fused in a half-inferior ovary; from which the ovary is free in a superior ovary).

; branches stiff ..... ROSACEAE (Cercocarpus)

39' Style glabrous; fruit an exposed drupe; branches pliable — corolla 0 or reduced to minute scales, easily overlooked ..... THYMELAEACEAE

38' Styles or stigmas 2–4

40. Fruit a drupe; flowers staminate and 

bisexual 

Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).

..... CANNABACEAE (Celtis) {G7}

40' Fruit a winged nutlet or splitting into 1–2-seeded segments that release seeds; flowers unisexual or 

bisexual 

Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence).

41. Tree; fruit a flattened, round to 

ovate 

Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf.

, 2-winged nutlet ..... ULMACEAE

41' Shrub; fruit splitting into segments

42. Leaves 

elliptic 

In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear

, 

crenate 

Pertaining to margins with shallow, rounded teeth, between which are usually acute sinuses (i.e., scalloped)

; fruit segments 1-seeded ..... EUPHORBIACEAE (Bernardia)

42' Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 

entire 

Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.).

; fruit segments 1–2-seeded ..... PICRODENDRACEAE (Tetracoccus hallii)