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Jepson eFlora
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) . Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/ [accessed on ]
Key to groups
Family key to Group 5
Group 5: Fruits developing from cleistogamous flowers; plants sometimes also producing open flowers
1. Cleistogamous flowers formed at or below ground or water surface 2. Plant ± aquatic, submersed or emergent 3. Leaves opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. , palmately veined ..... PLANTAGINACEAE (Bacopa) (2) 3' Leaves alternate  1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. , parallel-veined ..... PONTEDERIACEAE (Heteranthera) 5. Fruit 3-angled achene  Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. , tightly enclosed by hardened perianth; cleistogamous flowers at stem base ..... POLYGONACEAE (Emex spinosa) 5' Fruit ovoid to oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. capsule, not enclosed by hardened perianth; cleistogamous flowers in proximal leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). axils ..... VIOLACEAE (2) {G15,20,24} 4' Leaves sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. 6. Leaves ± linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. , ± 1-veined, not sheathing; cleistogamous flowers at stem base, sometimes maturing underground ..... BORAGINACEAE (Pectocarya) 6' Leaves ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. to lance-elliptic, parallel-veined, sheathing; cleistogamous flowers underground ..... COMMELINACEAE (Commelina) 1' Cleistogamous flowers formed above ground or water surface 7. Leaves sheathing, linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. , parallel-veined; spikelets  1. In Poaceae, one or more florets (each a flower with subtending lemma and generally palea) and generally 2 subtending glumes; in a sterile spikelet, the flower(s) and sometimes palea(s) are rudimentary or absent. 2. In Cyperaceae, the smallest aggregation of flowers (generally more than 2) and associated bracts. of cleistogamous flowers enclosed within leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). sheaths or borne in panicle-like clusters ..... POACEAE {G2,6,8,13} 7' Leaves not sheathing, linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to ovate Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. , not parallel-veined; spikelets 1. In Poaceae, one or more florets (each a flower with subtending lemma and generally palea) and generally 2 subtending glumes; in a sterile spikelet, the flower(s) and sometimes palea(s) are rudimentary or absent. 2. In Cyperaceae, the smallest aggregation of flowers (generally more than 2) and associated bracts. of cleistogamous flowers 0 8. Leaves all basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. , inflorescence or solitary flower scapose  Pertaining to a plant or an inflorescence in which a relatively long peduncle (scape) arises, sometimes with leaf- or scale-like bracts but without true foliage leaves, from a rosette or other arrangement of leaves at ground level. 9. Plant aquatic; leaves on rhizome  1. In seed plants, stem that is often elongate, more or less horizontal, usually underground; distinguished from roots by bearing of leaves, leaf scars, axillary buds, etc. 2. In ferns, stem that is located underground, embedded in leaf litter, on rocks or in rock crevices, or on trees or tree branches, often scaly or hairy; distinguished from roots by bearing of fronds (roots rarely bear fronds), and their greater diameter. or stolon  A normally thin, elongate stem lying more or less flat on the ground and forming roots as well as erect stems or shoots (which become new, clonal plants) at generally widely spaced nodes; runner. , often bearing small, hollow bladders that suck in and trap small organisms when hairs at opening are triggered; flowers 1–few ..... LENTIBULARIACEAE (Utricularia subulata) 9' Plant terrestrial; leaves in basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. rosette A radiating cluster of leaves generally at or near ground level. , not bearing traps; inflorescence a spike  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. (flower 1) ..... PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantago) {G8,18,19} 8' Leaves all or mostly cauline 11. Inflorescence a closed head  1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches. enclosed by spine-tipped involucre  Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. bracts ..... ASTERACEAE (Centaurea melitensis) 11' Inflorescence a spike 1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. or spike-like raceme  In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. or flowers sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. in leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). axils 12. Ovary/fruit not narrowed distally; sepals ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30–60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. or ± spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ..... CAMPANULACEAE (Githopsis, Heterocodon, Triodanis) 14' Plant 1–30 cm; leaves entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ..... MONTIACEAE (Montia) {G2} 15. Leaves opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. 16. Leaves 2–7 mm, awl-shaped to oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. , bristle-tipped ..... CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Loeflingia) 16' Leaves linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. , oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. , or lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. to ovate Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. or round, not bristle-tipped 17. Stem square in ×-section; flowers in head-like axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. and terminal clusters — fruit 4 nutlets ..... LAMIACEAE (Lamium amplexicaule) 17' Stem round in ×-section; flowers axillary Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. or in terminal raceme In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. 18. Leaves of a pair unequal; ovule 1; fruit achene Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. ; perianth base hardened or 5-winged or -ribbed around fruit ..... NYCTAGINACEAE (Acleisanthes, Mirabilis albida) 18' Leaves of a pair equal; ovules several–many; fruit capsule; perianth base not hardened or 5-winged around fruit 19' Fruit valves 2, ovary chambers 1–2 15' Leaves alternate 1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. 23' Leaves petioled; capsule ovoid to oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. ..... VIOLACEAE (2) {G15,20,24} 24' Inflorescence terminal (axillary); ovary chambers 2–3 25. Inflorescence a raceme In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. ..... PLANTAGINACEAE (Antirrhinum, Dopatrium, Nuttallanthus) 25' Inflorescence a head 1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches. ..... POLEMONIACEAE (Collomia grandiflora)
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