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Illustrations:
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Sporophyte: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 236, fig. 194 ( habit ); Angst 1929, p. 45, fig. 2 ( x-section, sorus ); Cameron 1912, pl. XVI, fig. 2 ( photo: habit ); Saunders 1901, pl. LII ( habit; vegetative anatomy and unilocular organs of sporophyte ); Scagel 1967, p. 127, fig. 49 ( habit of sporophyte ); Setchell and Gardner 1925, pl. 80 A ( photo: sporophyte ). Gametophytes: Angst 1929, figs. 11 & ndash; 16 ( male ), figs. 12, 17 & ndash; 19 ( female )
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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Chirikof I ., Alaska ( Lindstrom 1977, p. 75 ) to Salt Point, Sonoma Co ., Calif. ( Kjeldsen 1972, p. 416 ); Pt. Sur, Monterey Co ., Calif. ( VanBlaricom et al. 1986, p. 122 ); San Luis Obispo Co ., Calif. ( Pt. Sierra Nevada and Pt. Piedras Blancas: VanBlaricom et al. 1986, p. 120 )
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Taxonomy:
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see Taxonomic Notes, p. 000
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Evolution:
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Estes and Steinberg 1988
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Life History:
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alternation of heteromorphic phases, with a macroscopic sporophyte and dioecious microscopic gametophytes ( Angst 1929 ).
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Chromosomes:
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Cole 1962, p. 314
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Biology/Ecology:
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L & uuml; ning and Kadel 1993; L & uuml; ning 1990; Germann 1989; Germann 1988; L & uuml; ning and Freshwater 1988, p. 312; Germann et al. 1987; Rosell and Srivastava 1987; Germann 1986; Druehl and Green 1982, p. 167; Calvin and Ellis 1978; Vadas 1977, p. 356; Dayton 1975, p. 139; Druehl 1970, p. 240; Paine and Vadas 1969 b, p. 80; Paine and Vadas 1969 a, p. 714; Druehl 1969, p. 164; Neushul 1967, p. 85; Widdowson 1965 b, p. 1428; Neushul 1965, p. 165; Scagel 1963, p. 48; Scagel 1961, p. 528; Rigg and Miller 1949
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Epiphytes:
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Kallymenia oblongifructa , Pilayella tenella , Porphyra gardneri
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Ultrastructure:
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Henry and Cole 1982 a, p. 551; Henry and Cole 1982 b, p. 571; Henry 1980, p. 9
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Physiology:
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Kremer 1979, p. 245; K. Schmitz 1982, p. 171
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Chemistry:
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Glombitza and Knoess 1991; Germann et al. 1987; Kremer 1979, p. 245
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Economic Applications:
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Druehl and Boal 1981, p. 577; Mumford 1980, p. 16
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