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Illustrations:
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Sporophyte: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 250, fig. 203 ( habit ); Myers 1925, pl. 8, fig. 7 ( initial stage ); Scagel 1967, p. 143, fig. 57 ( habit ); Setchell and Gardner 1925, pl. 69 ( photo: habit ). Gametophytes: Myers 1925, pl. 8, figs. 1 & ndash; 6 ( female and male ), pl. 9 b ( photo: female )
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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Hope I ., British Columbia ( Scagel 1957, p. 105 ) to Lion Rock, San Luis Obispo Co ., Calif. ( Setchell and Gardner 1925, p. 625 )
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Molecular Taxonomy:
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Boo et al. 1999; Saunders and Druehl 1993 a; Saunders and Druehl 1993 b; Druehl and Saunders 1992; Saunders and Druehl 1992 a
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Evolution:
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Druehl and Saunders 1992; Saunders and Druehl 1992 b; Estes and Steinberg 1988
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Life History:
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alternation of heteromorphic phases, with a macroscopic sporophyte and dioecious microscopic gametophytes ( Myers 1925 )
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Phenology:
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sporophytes reproductive sooner in the south ( March ) than in the north ( May )
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Chromosomes:
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Lewis 1995
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Genetics:
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Coyer et al. 1997; Saunders and Druehl 1993 a
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Biology/Ecology:
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Blanchette 1996; Holbrook et al. 1991; L & uuml; ning 1990; Foster et al. 1988, p. 7; L & uuml; ning and Freshwater 1988, p. 312; Paine 1988; Leigh et al. 1987; Dayton 1985, p. 220; Sousa 1985, p. 122; Steinberg 1985; Sousa et al. 1981, p. 305; Paine 1979; Paine 1979; Paine 1974, p. 117; Dayton 1973; Dayton 1973; Druehl 1970, p. 241; Druehl 1969, p. 164; Paine and Vadas 1969 b, p. 80; Widdowson 1965 b, p. 1428; Scagel 1963, p. 48; Scagel 1961, p. 528; Rigg and Miller 1949; Doty 1946, p. 326.
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Epiphytes:
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Ectocarpus commensalis , Microcladia borealis , Pilayella gardneri , Porphyra gardneri
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Ultrastructure:
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Henry and Cole 1982 a, p. 551; Henry 1980, p. 9
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Physiology:
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Wing and Patterson 1993; Lawrence and McClintock 1988
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Chemistry:
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Khotimchenko et al. 2002; Van Alstyne et al. 1999; Ragan and Glombitza 1986, p. 189; Sanders 1979, p. 97
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Economic Applications:
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Kalvass 1994; Druehl and Boal 1981, p. 578; Mumford 1980, p. 15
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