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Illustrations:
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Sporophyte: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 247, fig. 200 ( habit ); Fritsch 1945, p. 214, fig. 76 F ( detail of unilocular sporophylls and branch formation ); Scagel 1967, p. 147, fig. 59 ( habit ); Setchell and Gardner 1925, pl. 67, ( photo: young sporophyte ), pl. 68 ( photo: unilocular sporophylls )
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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Kodiak I ., Gulf of Alaska, Alaska ( Druehl 1969, p. 164 ) to Kasler Point, Monterey Co ., Calif. ( Silva 802 in UC )
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Molecular Taxonomy:
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Saunders and Druehl 1993 b; Saunders and Druehl 1992 a
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Evolution:
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Druehl and Saunders 1992; Saunders and Druehl 1992 b; Estes and Steinberg 1988
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Life History:
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uninvestigated, but presumably alternation of heteromorphic phases, with a macroscopic sporophyte and dioecious microscopic gametophytes
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Genetics:
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Liptack and Druehl 2000; Fain et al. 1988, p. 293
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Biology/Ecology:
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L & uuml; ning 1990; Foster et al. 1988, p. 7; Leigh et al. 1987, p. 1315; Druehl and Green 1982, p. 167; Menge and Lubchenco 1981, p. 433; Sousa et al. 1981, p. 297; Dayton 1975, p. 139; Himmelman and Carefoot 1975; Paine 1974, p. 117 ( as Lessoniopsis ); Druehl 1970, p. 241; Druehl 1969, p. 164; Widdowson 1965 b, p. 1428; Scagel 1961, p. 528; Rigg and Miller 1949; Doty 1946, p. 324
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Epiphytes:
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Ectocarpus commensalis , Hollenbergia subulata , Membranoptera dimorpha , Membranoptera platyphylla , Microcladia borealis , Porphyra gardneri
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Endophytes:
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Endophyton ramosum
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Ultrastructure:
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Henry and Cole 1982 b, p. 571; Henry and Cole 1982 a, p. 551; Henry 1980, p. 9
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Physiology:
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Kremer 1979, p. 245; K. Schmitz 1982, p. 171
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Chemistry:
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Van Alstyne et al. 1999; Whyte and Englar 1983, p. 163
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Economic Applications:
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Druehl and Boal 1981, p. 578
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