Sporophyte: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 243, fig. 198 (habit); Clare and Herbst 1938, p. 495, fig. 1 (photo: habit, adult and juvenile), fig. 2 (photo: x-section, sporangial sorus), figs. 5, 7 (photos: initial stages of sporophyte); Hollenberg 1939a, p. 36, figs. 1–7 (development of sporangia), figs. 26–30 (initial stages of sporophyte); Scagel 1967, p. 155, fig. 63 (habit); Setchell 1896b, pls. IV, V (adult and juveniles). Gametophytes: Clare and Herbst 1938, p. 495, figs. 3, 4 (photos: male), p. 497, fig. 6 (photo: female); Hollenberg 1939a, p. 36, fig. 8 (zoospore), figs. 9–11 (germination of zoospore), figs. 13, 14, 16–18 (male), figs., 12, 15, 19–21 (female), figs. 22–25 (syngamy)
Pacific Coast Distribution:
Rennell Sound, northernmost Graham I., British Columbia (Hawkes et al. 1979, p. 111) to Strait of Juan de Fuca (MacMillan 1902, pp. 216, 219); Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Calif. (DeCew in UC); Point Lobos, Monterey Co., Calif. (Hollenberg and Abbott 1966, p. 29[639]); Channel Is., Calif. (Santa Rosa I.: Silva in UC; Santa Cruz I., San Nicolas I., and Santa Barbara I.: Nicholson and Cimberg 1971, p. 377; Anacapa I.: Dawson and Neushul 1966, p. 174; Santa Catalina I.: Setchell 1896a, p. 42; San Clemente I.: Sims 1974, p. 16); Tanner and Cortes banks (Lewbel et al. 1981, p. 165); Latigo Shore Road, Los Angeles Co., Calif. (Dawson 1959b, pp. 186, 188) to Punta Entrada, Isla Magdalena, Baja Calif., including coastal Mexican islands (Dawson et al. 1960b, p. 13);
Molecular Taxonomy:
Saunders and Druehl 1993b; Saunders and Druehl 1992a
Phylogeny:
Draisma et al. 2001
Evolution:
Druehl and Saunders 1992; Saunders and Druehl 1992b; Estes and Steinberg 1988
Life History:
alternation of heteromorphic phases, with a macroscopic sporophyte and dioecious microscopic gametophytes (Clare and Herbst 1938; Hollenberg 1939a)
Chromosomes:
Cole 1967b, p. 523
Biology/Ecology:
DeWreede et al. 1992; Underwood 1992; Watanabe and Harrold 1991, p. 127; Lüning 1990; Hernández-Carmona et al. 1989; Estes and Harrold 1988; Foster et al. 1988, p. 11; Steinberg 1988; Rosell and Srivastava 1987; Lissner and Dorsey 1986; Schiel and Foster 1986, p. 271; Dayton 1985, p. 217; Foster and Schiel 1985, p. 14; Gunnill 1985, p. 151; Harrold and Reed 1985, p. 1162; Breen et al. 1982, p. 17; Kastendiek 1982; Littler and Arnold 1982, p. 309; Lewbel et al. 1981, p. 165; Littler 1981, p. 401; Pace 1981, p. 460; Gunnill 1980a; Littler 1980a, p. 163; Thom 1980b, p. 105; Guzmán del Próo and de la Campa de Guzmán 1979, p. 306; Devinny 1978, p. 358; Littler and Murray 1978, p. 588; Littler and Murray 1977, p. 14; Foster 1975a, p. 315; Littler and Murray 1975, p. 281; Devinny and Kirkwood 1974, p. 102; Littler and Murray 1974b, p. 132; Murray and Littler 1974, p. 72; Aleem 1973, p. 86; Neushul 1972, p. 59; Druehl 1970, p. 242; Charters et al. 1969; Druehl 1969, p. 165; Clarke and Neushul 1967, p. 32; Neushul et al. 1967, p. 40; Scagel 1964, p. 262; Scagel 1963, p. 48; Scagel 1963, pp. 42, 44.
Epiphytes:
Porphyragardneri, Porphyrathuretii
Ultrastructure:
Henry and Cole 1982a, p. 551; Henry and Cole 1982b, p. 571; Henry 1980, p. 9
Physiology:
Hernández-Carmona et al. 2001; K. Schmitz 1982, p. 171; Kremer 1981, p. 504; Kremer 1979, p. 245
Chemistry:
Serviere-Zaragoza et al. 2002; Van Alstyne et al. 1999; Manley et al. 1992; Ragan and Glombitza 1986, p. 189; Glombitza and Gerstberger 1985
Economic Applications:
Mumford 1980, p. 19
Pl=plurilocular; U=unilocular; S=sterile
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Pl
Locally abundant, on rock, in subtidal to 10 ft in fully sheltered to fully exposed habitats. MacMillan 1902, p. 193. Dawson 1954a, p. 333. Scagel 1967, p. 154. Scagel 1973, p. 133. Hawkes et al. 1979, p. 93, 111.
U
S
COLUMBIA RIVER
Pl
U
S
CAPE ARAGO
Pl
U
S
CAPE MENDOCINO
Pl
U
S
POINT ARENA
Pl
U
S
SAN FRANCISCO
Pl
Locally abundant, on rocks, in subtidal groves to 30 ft, adjacent to and in Macrocystis beds. Hollenberg and Abbott 1966, p. 29[639]. Devinny and Kirkwood 1974, p. 102. Foster and Schiel 1985, p. 32.