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Illustrations:
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Sporophyte: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 235, fig. 193 (habit); Cameron 1912, pl. XIV, fig. 2 (photo: habit); Dawson et al. 1960a, pl. 20, fig. 1 (habit); Setchell and Gardner 1925, pl. 71 (photo: habit); Scagel 1967, p. 135, fig. 53 (habit)
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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Duke I., east of Clarence Strait, Alaska (Druehl 1969, p. 162) through Puget Sound, Wash. (Setchell and Gardner 1925, p. 616); Channel Is., Calif. (Santa Cruz I.: Nicholson and Cimberg 1971, p. 377; Anacapa I.: Dawson and Neushul 1966, p. 174; Santa Catalina I.: Dawson 1949a, p. 22; San Clemente I.: Silva 4655 in UC); San Pedro, Los Angeles Co., Calif., cast ashore (Mrs. H. D. Johnston in UC); La Jolla, San Diego Co., Calif. (Dawson et al. 1960a, p. 7); Baja Calif. (Tanner and Cortés banks: Lissner and Dorsey 1986; Islas Todos Santos: R. Aguilar Rosas et al. 1984, p. 163; Punta Banda: R. Aguilar Rosas et al. 1994, p. 122)
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Life History:
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uninvestigated, but presumably alternation of heteromorphic phases, with a macroscopic sporophyte and dioecious microscopic gametophytes
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Biology/Ecology:
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Durante 1993; Durante 1992; Durante and Chia 1991; Lüning 1990; Lüning and Freshwater 1988, p. 312; Schiel and Foster 1986, p. 271; Foster and Schiel 1985, p. 25; Levings et al. 1983, p. 1127; Vadas 1977; Druehl 1970, p. 239; Paine and Vadas 1969b, p. 80; Vadas 1968; Clarke and Neushul 1967, p. 32; Neushul 1967, p. 85; Neushul et al. 1967, p. 40; Neushul 1965, p. 168; Scagel 1961, p. 528
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Epiphytes:
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Acrochaetium pacificum
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Physiology:
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Hurd, Durante et al. 1994; K. Schmitz 1982, p. 171; Kremer 1981, p. 504; Kremer 1979, p. 245
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Chemistry:
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Ragan and Glombitza 1986, p. 188; Whyte and Englar 1983, p. 163
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