(1) As reported in Taylor (1960).
(2) See Ballantine and Wynne (1986a).
(3) See Ballantine and Aponte (1997b).
(4) Includes Galaxaura flagelliformis Kjellm., G. lapidescens (J.Ellis & Sol.) J.V.Lamouroux and G. squalida Kjellm. all previously reported from Puerto Rico. See Huisman and Borowitzka (1990).
(5) Huisman and Borowitzka (1990) regarded G. subverticillata and G. rugosa as being conspecific; however, Littler and Littler (1997) argued that they were separate species.
(6) See Huisman and Borowitzka (1990).
(7) See Huisman and Townsend (1993).
(8) Abbott (1990) placed Liagora mucosa M.Howe in synonymy with L. dendroideum. Ballantine and Aponte (In press) transferred the species to Ganonema.
(9) See Abbott (1990).
(10) Abbott (1960) treated the species as being conspecific with L. fragilis Zanardini. Silva et al. (1996), however, argued that the species ascribed to Zanardini belonged to a different genus.
(11) See Velez-Villamil et al. (2000).
(12) See Silva et al. (1996).
(13) See Santelices and Hommersand (1997).
(14) As Gelidium tenuissima in Almodóvar and Ballantine (1983).
(15) See Fredericq and Hommersand (1989a).
(16) Fredericq and Norris (1992) showed that this is the older valid name and that it is taxonomically the same as Gracilaria cylindrica Børgesen. Gracilaria cylindrica was previously reported from Puerto Rico.
(17) See Plastino and Oliveira (1997).
(18) Includes G. ferox J.Agardh previously reported from Puerto Rico.
(19) This record dates to Hauck (1888). As the species has not been reported since (with corresponding specimens deposited in MSM), this is considered a doubtful record.
(20) Guiry and Freamhainn (1985) suggested that North American and Caribbean taxa which had been called Gracilaria foliifera (Forssk.) Børgesen were referable to G. tikvahiae. However, Ganesan (1989) referred Caribbean algae previously called G. foliifera to G. lacinulata.
(21) Bird and Oliveira (1986) concluded that Gracilaria sjoestedtii Kylin sensu Taylor (1960) was a new species. This species was subsequently placed in Gracilariopsis by Fredericq and Hommersand (1989b).
(22) See Bird et al. (1986) and Wynne (1989).
(23) See Wynne (1989).
(24) Includes Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Bornet) Falkenb., which is recognized as being the tetrasporic life history phase of Asparagopsis taxiformis.
(25) See Ballantine, Ruiz and Wynne (2002).
(26) Schnetter and Richter (1979) argued that Caribbean plants referred to Corallina officinalis L. belonged to their newly erected species, C. pannizoi.
(27) Reported as occurring in Puerto Rico in Taylor (1960), but collection sites are unknown.
(28) See Penrose (1996).
(29) Cribb (1983) referred Jania capillacea to J. adhaerens; however, Silva et al. (1996) maintained them as separate species.
(30) See Steneck and Adey (1976).
(31) Woelkerling (1987) suggested that Paragoniolithon solubile (Foslie & M.Howe) W.H.Adey, R.A.Towns. & Boykins (= Goniolithon solubile Foslie & M.Howe) was conspecific with Neogoniolithon fosliei.
(32) See Penrose and Woelkerling (1991).
(33) See Bailey (1999).
(34) See Ballantine and Norris (1989).
(35) See Searles and Ballantine (1986).
(36) Silva et al. (1996) treated Hypnea cervicornis J.Agardh, previously reported from Puerto Rico, as a variety of H. musciformis.
(37) See Ballantine and Aponte (1997b).
(38) See Ballantine, Ruiz and Aponte (2002).
(39) See Ballantine et al. (2000). Guimarães and Fujii (1999) treated this species as Peyssonnelia.
(40) Schneider and Reading (1987) concluded that plants referred to Peyssonnelia rubra from the Southeast U.S. and the Bahamas were P. inamoena Pilg. They recommended that Caribbean material be critically compared to P. inamoena as well.
(41) Meristiella echinocarpum and M. schrammii were reduced to synonymy with M. gelidium by Guimarães and Oliveira (1996). Littler and Littler (1997) however, treated them as separate species. Meristiella gelidium also includes Eucheuma acanthocladum (Harv.) J.Agardh previously reported from Puerto Rico.
(42) Treated by Silva et al. (1996) as a genus of uncertain taxonomic placement.
(43) The order as presently circumscribed was erected by Saunders and Kraft (1996) as the Halymeniales. Silva (2002), however, recommended that principles of priority should be followed and as the ordinal circumscription contains Cryptonemia, Cryptonemiales is the appropriate ordinal name.
(44) See Lawson and John (1987).
(45) See Wynne (1998) for discussion of maintenance of Grateloupia cuneifolia and G. gibbesii as separate species.
(46) Schneider and Wynne (1991) assigned the taxa to Halymenia trigona (Clemente) C.Agardh; however, Cremades and Perez-Cirera (1996) placed H. trigona in synonymy with H. elongata.
(47) Reported from Puerto Rico by Ballantine and Aponte (1997b) as Halymenia bermudensis Collins & M.Howe, the species was considered by Guimarães and Fujii (1998) to be conspecific with Halymenia floridana.
(48) Reported from Puerto Rico by Ballantine and Norris (1989) as Sebdenia polydactyla (Børgesen) M.S.Balakr.; see Schneider and Wynne (1991).
(49) As Champia compressa in Almodóvar and Ballantine (1983).
(50) As Gloioderma atlanticum in Ballantine and Norris (1989), Saunders et al. (1999), transferred the genus to their newly erected family, Faucheaceae.
(51) The genus was treated as a member of the Gelidiales by Taylor (1960). The species was considered by R. Norris (1987) as Ceratodictyon variable (Grev. ex J.Agardh) R.Norris; however, Price and Kraft (1991) argued that Ceratodictyon and Gelidiopsis should be maintained as separate genera. Saunders et al. (1999) transferred the genus to the Lomentariaceae.
(52) This species, described as Fauchea peltata Taylor, was transferred to Weberella, then to Halichrysis, and finally to Asteromenia by Huisman and Millar (1996). Ballantine and Wynne (1986a) reported the species from Puerto Rico as Halichrysis peltata.
(53) See Ballantine (1985).
(54) As Chrysymenia ventricosa in Almodóvar and Ballantine (1983); see Norris and Ballantine (1995).
(55) See Huisman (1996).
(56) See Aponte and Ballantine (1990); Aponte et al. (1997).
(57) See Aponte and Ballantine (1995).
(58) See Aponte et al. (1994).
(59) Previously reported from Puerto Rico as Antithamnion ogdeniae Abbott. Athanasiadis (1996) treated the taxon as a synonym of A. decipiens.
(60) There are differences of opinion as to whether this species should be referred to A. lherminieri (see Silva et al. 1996; Schneider and Searles 1997) or A. antillanum Børgesen (see Athanasiadis 1996).
(61) Reported from Puerto Rico by Ballantine and Wynne (1986), Antithamnionella breviramosa is listed as a synonym of A. elegans (Berthold) J.H.Price & D.M.John by Silva et al. (1996); however, Athanasiadis (1996) maintained it as a distinct species.
(62) See Ballantine (1990).
(63) See Furnari and Serio in Cecere et al. (1996).
(64) Reported from Puerto Rico as Ceramium strictum Harv.; see Silva et al. (1966).
(65) Described as Ceramiella jolyi Díaz-Pif. (1968); see Ballantine and Wynne (1986b).
(66) Described by Ballantine and Wynne (1986b) as Ceramium verongiae. The species was transferred to Corallophila by R. Norris (1993).
(67) See Wynne and Ballantine (1985).
(68) See Ballantine and Wynne (1986b).
(69) See Ballantine and Wynne (1998).
(70) See Ballantine and Aponte (1997b); Millar (1996).
(71) See Ballantine (2000).
(72) See Lopez-Piñero and Ballantine (2001).
(73) Not previously reported from Puerto Rico; however specimens are present in MSM.
(74) See Ballantine and Wynne (1985).
(75) See Ballantine and Wynne (1987).
(76) Originally reported from Puerto Rico as Branchioglossum pseudoprostratum by Ballantine and Wynne (1987). Wynne and Schneider (1996) determined that the taxon belonged in its own genus and that the specimens originally placed in B. pseudoprostratum could be segregated to two species, Frikkiella pseudoprostrata and F. searlesii.
(77) See Wynne and Ballantine (1986).
(78) See Ballantine and Wynne (1988).
(79) See Wynne et al. (1989).
(80) See Millar (1990).
(81) Treated as Nitophyllum punctatum in Almodóvar and Ballantine (1983). See Wynne (1997).
(82) Reported from Puerto Rico by Ballantine and Wynne (1985) as Platysiphonia miniata (C.Agardh) Børgesen. See Cremades and Pérez-Cirera (1990).
(83) Includes Bostrychia binderi Harv. previously reported from Puerto Rico. See Silva et al. (1996).
(84) See Wynne (1991).
(85) See Nam (1999).
(86) Silva et al. (1996) regarded L. gemmifera as a variety of L. poiteaui; however, Fujii et al. (1996) provided morphological evidence that they were separate species.
(87) Described by Wynne and Ballantine (1991) as Laurencia iridescens, the species was transferred to Chondrophycus by Garbary and Harper (1998).
(88) See Garbary and Harper 1998).
(89) Included as a member of the Dasyaceae by Taylor (1960) and Wynne (1986); however, see Silva et al. (1996).
(90) Includes Herposiphonia tenella (C.Agardh) Ambronn previously reported from Puerto Rico. See Wynne (1998).
(91) See Kim and Lee (1999).
(92) See R.E. Norris (1991).
(93) See Ouriques and Bouzon (2000).
(94) The species has been placed in Feldmannia (see Wynne 1986). However, Amsler (in Schneider and Searles 1991) retained the species in Ectocarpus on the basis of chloroplast morphology.
(95) See Hörnig et al. (1992).
(96) See Schnetter et al. (1987).
(97) Reported from Puerto Rico by Ballantine and Norris (1989) as Dilophus alternans J.Agardh. See Hörnig et al. (1992; 1993) and DeClerck 1997).
(98) See Hörnig and Schnetter (1988); both Dictyota divaricata J.V.Lamouroux and D. linearis (C.Agardh) Grev. are previously reported from Puerto Rico.
(99) Allender and Kraft (1983) showed that the tristromatic Padina gymnospora sensu Taylor (1960) was a new species, P. boergesenii and the entity Taylor (1960) referred to as P. vickersiae (4-8 cell layers) was relegated to synonymy, now being called P. gymnospora.
(100) This highly unusual geographic record is considered doubtful as there are no voucher specimens in MSM. See Díaz-Piferrer (1969).
(101) See Fletcher (1987).
(102) Plants previously treated as Sargassum bermudense Grunov in Almodóvar and Ballantine (1983) are now included with Sargassum furcatum.
(103) Although Taylor (1975) reported the species as ranging from Puerto Rico, he did not provide collecting localities for the island.
(104) Silva et al. (1996) considered this binomial to be an illegitimate name but another name has not been proposed.
(105) See Ballantine and Norris (1994).
(106) Includes E. erecta (Lyngb.) J.Agardh and E. plumosa Kütz. both previously reported from Puerto Rico.
(107) See Littler and Littler (1991).
(108) See Kraft and Wynne (1996).
(109) Reported from Puerto Rico by Ballantine and Wynne (1986a) as Struvea ramosa Dickie; see Kraft and Wynne (1996).
(110) See van den Hoek (1982).
(111) Specimens attributed to Cladophora crispula Vickers from Guajataca, Puerto Rico were referred by van den Hoek (1982) to C. socialis. Van den Hoek (1982) considered reports of C. crispula from locations other than Barbados in the Caribbean to be based on misidentifications.
(112) See Olsen-Stojkovich (1985).
(113) See Olsen and West (1988).
(114) John (1977) transferred all Pseudobryopsis species to Trichosolen; however, Henne and Schnetter (1999) distinguished the two genera on the basis of chloroplasts and gametangia.
(115) As Pseudobryopsis longipedicellata H.L.Blomq. & Díaz-Pif. in Almodóvar and Ballantine (1983).
(116) Taylor (1962), regarded this species as being conspecific with T. duchassaingii; however, Henne and Schnetter (1999) regarded it as being distinct.
(117) Caulerpa peltata previously reported from Puerto Rico is treated by Wynne (1998) as being conspecific with C. racemosa.
(118) We have followed Prud'homme van Reine and Lokhorst (1992) who erected the genus Caulerpella based on its non-holocarpic reproduction. Silva et al. (1996); however, retained the species in Caulerpa.
(119) See Littler and Littler (1992).
(120) See Ballantine (1982).
(121) See Littler and Littler (1990a).
(122) Silva et al. (1996) treated this species as Rhipiliopsis reticulata (C.Hoek) Farghaly & Denizot. Ballantine and Wynne (1986) in reporting the species from Puerto Rico as Rhipiliopsis stri followed Bula Meyer (1982) who provided evidence that R. stri and R. reticulata were conspecific.
(123) See Littler and Littler (1990b).
(124) Includes Udotea sublittoralis W.R.Taylor previously reported from Puerto Rico; see Littler and Littler (1990b).
(125) Reported from Puerto Rico by Hinds and Ballantine (1987). See Silva et al. (1996) for a discussion on maintaining the species in Acetabularia.
(126) Includes Polyphysa peniculus previously reported from Puerto Rico.