Fucus spicifer Vahl, 1802: 44 (`spicifera') (type locality: St. Croix, Virgin Islands).
Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Børgesen, 1910: 201.—Weber-van Bosse, 1923: 347–348, figs. 131, 132.— De Toni, 1924: 379–380.— Børgesen, 1936: 94.— Børgesen, 1937b: 348–349.— P. Anand, 1943b: 37–38, figs. 26A–C, pl. IV: fig. 8.— Børgesen, 1945: 61.— Børgesen, 1953: 56.— V. Krishnamurthy, 1954: 174.— Purchon & Enoch, 1954: 58.— Chacko, Mahadevan, & R. Ganesan, 1955: 12.— Krishna Pillai, 1956: 5.— Krishna Pillai, 1957a: tables I–VI, fig. 18.— Krishna Pillai, 1957b: tables 1–8, figs. 5, 14.— Varma, 1959: 249.— Durairatnam, 1961a: 71, pl. XIX: figs. 2–6.— Thivy, 1961: 347.— Varma, 1961: 224.— E. Lewis, 1964b: 237, tables I–III.— Salim, 1965: 196, 197.— S. Dixit, 1966: 20.— S. Lee, 1966: 271.— Isaac, 1967: 80.— E. Lewis, 1967: 304.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1969d: 48.— V. Krishnamurthy & H. Joshi, 1970: 25.— Nizamuddin & Gessner, 1970: 13, 41.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1970a: 5, figs. 36, 37.— Umamaheswara Rao & Sreeramulu, 1970a: 43.— Subbaramaiah, 1971b: 21.— S. Qasim, Bhattathiri, & Reddy, 1972: 218.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1972: 221.— Islam, 1974b: 89.— Subbaramaiah, 1974: 59.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1974a: 302.— Umamaheswara Rao & Sreeramulu, 1974a: 38.— Umamaheswara Rao & Sreeramulu, 1974b: 52, 53, fig. 1.— Islam, 1976: 65–66, pl. 56: figs. M–O.— Jaasund, 1976: 137, fig. 276.— Sivalingam et al., 1976: 10.— Basson et al., 1977: 226.— Hackett, 1977: 12.— Jaasund, 1977b: 412.— Solimabi & Das, 1977: table 1.— P. Subba Rao, Rama Rao, & Subbaramaiah, 1977: 82, fig. 1.— Agadi, Bhosle, & Untawale, 1978: 248.— Agadi & Untawale, 1978: 67, table 2.— Chauhan, 1978: table 4.— Chauhan & Mairh, 1978: 35.— M. Joseph, 1978a: 18.— Kannan & K. Krishnamurthy, 1978: table 1.— Titlyanova & Butorin, 1978: 27.— Basson, 1979: 78, pl. XV: figs. 84, 85.— Naqvi et al., 1979: 456.— Dhargalkar, Jagtap, & Untawale, 1980: table 2.— Farghaly, 1980: 164.— Lawson, 1980: 32.— Moorjani, 1980b: 461.— R. Qasim, 1980: table 1.— Chennubhotla, Kaliaperumal, & Kalimuthu, 1981b: 13.— Naqvi et al., 1981: table I.— R. Qasim, 1981: tables 1, 2.— K. Krishnamurthy et al., 1982: table 1.— Marolia, S. Joshi, & Mathur, 1982: 102, tables 1, 2.— Nair, Sobha, & Arunachalam, 1982: 267 (table 1).— Ohno & Mairh, 1982: table 1.— Rama Rao & Subbaramaiah, 1982: 25–27, figs. 1, 2.— Teo & Wee, 1983: 110, fig. 116.— Untawale, Dhargalkar, & Agadi, 1983: [38].— Barratt et al., 1984: species list.— Kesava Rao & Indusekhar, 1984: table 1.— McCain, 1984: 98.— Usmanghani et al., 1984: 76.— Agadi, 1985: 39.— Dhargalkar, 1985: 80, fig. 1.— Jagtap, 1985a: 47.— Jayasree, Solimabi, & Kamat, 1985: table 1.— Mshigeni, 1985: 10, 11, 12, 18.— Payri, 1985: 640.— Phang, 1985: 21, color photo on p. 25.— R. Qasim & Barkati, 1985: table 2.— Shunula, 1985: 66, table 1.— Sobha & Nair, 1985: 23.— P. Subba Rao et al., 1985: 34.— Subbaramaiah, 1985: 140.— A. Subramanian & Pragatheeswaran, 1985: table 2.— Dhargalkar, 1986a: 33, 34, fig. 1, table 1.— D. Jones, 1986: 34, pl. 10.— Kaliaperumal, Kalimuthu, et al., 1986: 476–477.— Kesava Rao, 1986: table I.— Kesava Rao & Indusekhar, 1986: table I.— Nair et al., 1986: 738.— Padmakumar & Ayyakkannu, 1986: 188.— R. Qasim, 1986: 227, tables 1, 4.— Usmanghani & Shameel, 1986: table 1.— Wahidulla, D'Souza, & Kamat, 1986: 49–50.— Chennubhotla, Kaliaperumal, & Kalimuthu, 1987a: 108–109, figs. 14A,B, pl. I:H.— Chennubhotla et al., 1987: 62.— M. Dave et al., 1987: table 1.— Gordon-Mills & Womersley, 1987: 562.— Jagtap, 1987: table 1.— Kesava Rao & Indusekhar, 1987a: table 2.— Kesava Rao & Indusekhar, 1987b: 4.— Shameel, 1987a: 514.— Shameel & Afaq Hussain, 1987: 297.— Silas & Kalimuthu, 1987: 55.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1987a: 23.— Wahidulla, D'Souza, & J. Patel, 1987: 2864.— Tewari & H. Joshi, 1988: 395, tables VIII, XI.— Al-Hasan & W. Jones, 1989: 304, pl. 10: fig. 82.— Coppejans & Gallin, 1989: 52.— Kesava Rao & Indusekhar, 1989c: table 1.— Mairh, Ramavat, et al., 1989: 3308.— Pant & Untawale, 1989: tables 4, 6, 7.— R. Parekh, Doshi, & Chauhan, 1989: 139–140, table 1.— Prakash et al., 1989: 686.— Shameel, Afaq-Husain, & Shahid-Husain, 1989: 179, 180.— Untawale & Jagtap, 1989: table I.— Huisman et al., 1990: 97.— Kendrick, Huisman, & Walker, 1990: 52.— V. Krishnamurthy et al., 1990: figs. 4, 5, 7.— R. Parekh & Chauhan, 1990: table 1.— Bensam et al., 1991: 104, table 1.— M. Ganesan et al., 1991b: 205, table 2.— Phang & Wee, 1991: 59.— R. Qasim, 1991: 50 (table 1).— Rajendran et al., 1991: table 1.— D. Rao et al., 1991: tables 1, 2.— Thomas & Subbaramaiah, 1991a: table 2.— Wahidulla, D'Souza, & Kamat, 1991: 3323.— Wahidulla & Kamat, 1991: 205.— Abbas, Basson, & Gamal El-Din, 1992: 63.— Basson, 1992: 227.— Basson & Abbas, 1992: 60.— Coppejans, Beeckman, & De Wit, 1992: 64.— Coppejans & Prud'homme van Reine, 1992a: 189.— Jagtap, 1992: 57.— Kaliaperumal, Rajagopalan, & Chennubhotla, 1992: 106.— Kalimuthu, Kaliaperumal, & Ramalingam, 1992: 124.— Kalugina-Gutnik, Perestenko, & Titlyanova, 1992: 21 (table 1).— Kamat et al., 1992: table I.— Makemson, Fulayfil, & Basson, 1992: 2342.— Maya & Nair, 1992: 32.— Naqvi et al., 1992: 135.— Premnathan et al., 1992: table I.— Shameel & J. Tanaka, 1992: 53.— Titlyanov et al., 1992: 17, 21 (tables 1, 2).— Titlyanova, Perestenko, & Kalugina-Gutnik, 1992: 44.— Zvyagintsev & Ivin, 1992: 9 (table 2).— Jagtap, 1993: table I.— Jayasankar & Ramalingam, 1993: 42.— Naim, 1993: 141.— Nair et al., 1993: 186, 193.— Bakus et al., 1994: 127.— Ballesteros, 1994: 543.— Ormond & Banaimoon, 1994: 119.— Titlyanov et al., 1994: 259, 260.— Wynne, 1995: 301.
Taxonomic synonyms:
Fucus acanthophorus Lamouroux, 1805: 61, pl. XXX; pl. XXXI: fig. 1 (type locality: "Amérique septentrionale'').
Acanthophora thierryi Lamouroux, 1813: 132 (`thierii').—Sonder, 1854: 3.— Harvey, 1857a: no. 9.— Montagne & Millardet, 1862: 19.— Grunow, 1867: 92.— G. Martens, 1868: 32, 100–101.— G. Martens, 1871b: 469.— Dickie, 1874b: 192.— Bornet, 1885: 19.— G. Murray, 1887: 30.— Prain, 1892: 341, 359.— Möbius, 1893: 138.— De Wildeman, 1897a: 175.— De Wildeman, 1900: 417.— De Toni, 1903: 820–822.— Jadin, 1935: 168.— Untawale, Dhargalkar, & Agadi, 1983: [40].
Acanthophora orientalis J. Agardh, 1863 [1851–1863]: 820–821 (syntype localities: Mariana Islands; "ad Manillam'', Philippine Islands).—Kützing, 1865: 27–28, pl. 77: figs. d, e.— Askenasy, 1888: 48, pl. IX: figs. 11, 12.— Hauck, 1888 [1886–1889]: 90.— Schmitz, 1895a: 140.— Schmitz, 1895b: 28.— De Toni, 1903: 822.— Schröder, 1912: 301.— Weber-van Bosse, 1913b: 123.— Weber-van Bosse, 1914: 287.— Papenfuss, 1943a: 92.— Day, 1974: 85.— Sivalingam, 1977b: 206.— Sivalingam, 1978a: 329.— Sivalingam, 1978c: 162, fig. 1.— Lawson, 1980: 32.— Seagrief, 1980: 27, fig. on pl. 11.— Sivalingam, 1980b: table 1.— Teo & Wee, 1983: 110, fig. 115.— Seagrief, 1988: 70, fig. 5:17.— Phang & Wee, 1991: 59.
Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Børgesen var. orientalis (J. Agardh) Zaneveld, 1956: 25–26 (including Indian Ocean records).—Zaneveld, 1959: 106–107, fig. 10.
* Acanthophora wightii J. Agardh, 1863 [1851–1863]: 821–822 (type locality: India).—De Toni & Levi, 1888: 33.— De Toni, 1903: 822–823.— K. Srinivasan, 1965: 248.— V. Krishnamurthy & H. Joshi, 1970: 25.
Acanthophora orientalis J. Agardh var. wightii (J. Agardh) Sonder, 1879: 81.
Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Børgesen forma wightii (J. Agardh) Weber-van Bosse, 1923: 348.
Misapplied name (fide Papenfuss, 1943a: 92):
Acanthophora muscoides.—Barton, 1893: 174.
INDIAN OCEAN DISTRIBUTION: Aldabra Islands, Andaman Islands, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Burma (Boronga Islands; Coco Group), India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Kuwait, Laccadive Islands, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nicobar Islands, Oman, Pakistan, Réunion, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles (including Mahé Island), Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Yemen.
Note: The conspecificity of Acanthophora thierryi and Fucus spicifer was proposed by Børgesen (1910: 201). Acanthophora orientalis was added as a synonym by Weber-van Bosse (1923: 348) and A. wightii by Sonder (1879: 81) and Weber-van Bosse (l.c.). When Lamouroux (1813: 132) established the genus Acanthophora to accommodate Fucus acanthophorus, he was obligated to change the epithet to avoid a tautonym, which is proscribed by Art. 23.4.