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Synonyms:
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Ulva fasciata f. expansa Setchell, U. expansa (Setchell) Setchell et Gardner
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Illustrations:
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Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 82, fig. 38 (habit, as U. expansa), p. 83, fig. 39 (habit and x-section, vegetative plant, as U. lactuca), p. 84, fig. 40 (habit and x-section, vegetative plant, as U. lobata), p. 85, fig. 41 (habit, as U. rigida); Chihara 1969a, p. 89, fig. 1: A (surface view, vegetative plant), B (x-section, vegetative plant), C, D (male gametes), E, F (female gametes), G (syngamy), H–U (development of sporophyte from zygote), V–Z (parthenogenetic development of female gamete), p. 91, fig. 2: A (surface view, zoosporangial portion of plant), B (x-section, zoosporangial portion of plant), C (zoospores), D–O (development of gametophyte from zoospore), p. 98, fig. 7: A–G (photos: germination of zoospores); Doty 1947, pl. 2, fig. 3 (x-section, vegetative plant); Scagel 1966, pl. 29, figs. A, C (x-sections, vegetative plants), figs. B, D (surface views, vegetative plants), fig. E (habit), pl. 30 (as U. rigida), fig. A (habit), fig. B (surface view, vegetative plant), fig. C (x-section, vegetative plant), pl. 31, figs. A–H (development of juvenile plant from zoospore, as U. rigida), fig. I (habit), fig. J (surface view, vegetative plant), fig. K (x-section, vegetative plant) (figs. I–K as U. lactuca); Scagel 1967, p. 49, fig. 12:a (habit), b (x-section, vegetative plant), p. 51, fig. 13:a (habit), b (x-section, vegetative plant) (as U. lactuca); Smith 1947, p. 81, figs. 1–6 (x-sections and surface views, fertile gametophyte, as U. lobata), p. 82, figs. 14–20 (zoospore, anisogametes, zygotes, as U. lobata)
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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St. Lawrence I., Bering Sea (Kjellman 1889, p. 53, as U. rigida), Pathfinder Rock, Norton Sound (Setchell and Gardner 1903, p. 209, as U. lactuca var. rigida), and Amchitka I., Aleutian Is., Alaska (Lebednik and Palmisano 1977, p. 360, as U. lactuca) to Bahía La Ventosa, Oaxaca (León Tejera and González González 1993, p. 497, as U. lactuca), including Channel Islands of California and Gulf of California as far north as Punta Peñasco, Sonora (Dawson 1944a, p. 202, as U. lactuca)
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Taxonomy:
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Tanner 1979, p. 54
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Life History:
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alternation of isomorphic phases, with the sporophyte producing quadriflagellate zoospores and unisexual gametophytes producing biflagellate anisogametes; male and female gametes capable of parthenogenetic development (Tanner 1986; Tanner 1979; Chihara 1969a; Smith 1947, as U. lobata)
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Biology/Ecology:
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Fong et al., 1997; Wheeler and Björnsäter 1992; Björnsäter and Wheeler 1990; R. Aguilar Rosas and Machado Galindo 1990, p. 188 (as U. rigida); Murray and Horn 1989, p. 462 (as U. lobata); Lüning and Freshwater 1988, p. 312; Horn et al. 1983, p. 84 (as U. lobata); Littler and Arnold 1982, p. 309 (as U. rigida and U. lobata); Price and Hylleberg 1982; Thom 1980a, p. 9 (as U. expansa and U. lactuca); Thom 1980b, p. 106 (as U. lactuca); Pomeroy and Levings 1980, p. 3 (as U. lactuca); Emerson and Zedler 1978, p. 317 (as U. rigida); Harrison 1978; Seapy and Littler 1978, p. 298 (as U. expansa); Foreman 1977, p. 479; Pomeroy and Stockner 1976, p. 1179 (as U. lactuca); Foster 1975b, p. 335 (as U. lobata); Devinny and Kirkwood 1974, p. 102 (also as U. lobata); Kjeldsen and Phinney 1972, p. 303 (as U. expansa); Paine and Vadas 1969a, p. 713 (as U. rigida); Paine and Vadas 1969b, p. 80 (as U. lactuca); R. Lee 1965b, p. 104 (as U. lobata), p. 119 (as U. lactuca); Widdowson 1965b, p. 1427 (as U. lobata); Northcraft 1948, p. 397 (as U. lobata); Smith 1947 (as U. lobata); Doty 1946, p. 326 (as U. lobata)
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Epiphytes:
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Myrionema strangulans
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Morphology:
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Björnsäter and Wheeler 1990
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Ultrastructure:
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Floyd and O'Kelly 1984, p. 114 (as U. expansa)
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Physiology:
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Fujita et al. 1988 (as U. rigida); Quadir et al. 1979, p. 83
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Chemistry:
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Khotimchenko et al. 2002 (as U. lactuca); M. Nelson et al. 2002 (as U. lobata); Vershinin and Kamnev 1996; de Jesus et al. 1989, p. 768 (as U. lactuca); Duncan and Harrison 1982, p. 446 (as U. lactuca); Dickson et al. 1979, p. 415; Saenko et al. 1978; Medcalf et al. 1975 (as U. lactuca); Medcalf et al. 1972 (as U. lactuca)
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