TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL (1993) |
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Jepson Interchange (more information) |
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©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
For up-to-date information about California vascular plants, visit the Jepson eFlora. |
AND IS MAINTAINED FOR ARCHIVAL PURPOSES ONLY |
Annual to bamboo-like; roots generally fibrous
Stem generally round, hollow; nodes swollen, solid
Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, generally linear; sheath generally open; ligule membranous or hairy, at blade base
Inflorescence various (of generally many spikelets)
Spikelet: glumes generally 2; florets (lemma, palea, flower) 1many; lemma generally membranous, sometimes glume-like; palea generally ± transparent, ± enclosed by lemma
Flower generally bisexual, minute; stamens generally 3; stigmas generally 2, generally plumose
Fruit: achene-like grain
Genera in family: 650900 genera; ± 10,000 species: worldwide; greatest economic importance of any family (wheat, rice, maize, millet, sorghum, sugar cane, forage crops, ornamental, weeds; thatching, weaving, building materials)
Reference: [Hitchcock 1951 Manual grasses US, USDA Misc Publ 200; Clayton & Renvoise 1986 Kew Bull Add Series 13]
See Glossary p. 26 for illustrations of general family characteristics. Generally wind-pollinated.
Annual, perennial herb, generally cespitose
Stem solid, generally glabrous
Leaves generally basal; ligule generally < 1 mm, generally hairy; blade flat to inrolled, upper surface generally ± short-hairy, often ciliate near ligule, hairs long, bulbous-based
Inflorescence generally panicle-like; branches spike-like, 1 per node, persistent or deciduous in fruit; spikelets 2-rowed on 1 side of axis, overlapping
Spikelet sessile or short-stalked, ± cylindric to laterally compressed; glumes generally unequal, generally lanceolate, 1-veined, upper glume firmer than lower; axis (if inflorescence branch persistent) breaking between glumes and lower floret; florets generally 23, lower floret bisexual, > upper, upper florets generally vestigial, sterile; lemmas 3-veined, generally 3-awned, awns straight, scabrous; palea ± = lemma
Species in genus: ± 40 species: Am
Etymology: (Claudio (born 1774) and Esteban (born 1776) Boutelou, Spanish botanists, horticulturists)
Reference: [Gould 1979 Ann Missouri Bot Gard 66:348416]
Many species important for forage.
Native |
Annual
Stem prostrate to erect, 0.53 dm
Leaf: blade < 6 cm, < 2 mm wide
Inflorescence: branches 28, 625 mm, spreading to appressed, persistent in fruit; branch axis terminated by spikelet, base glabrous or puberulent; spikelets 740 per branch, spreading to ascending, breaking apart between glumes and lower floret
Spikelet: upper glume 13.5 mm, glabrous or hairy, tip generally notched, generally awned from sinus < 1 mm; florets 23, lower floret lemma ± = upper glume, hairy below middle, tip 2-lobed, awns < 3.5 mm, ± equal, central awn from sinus; base of middle or, if only 2 florets, upper floret hairy-tufted, lobed between awn bases, awns 13.5 mm, ± equal; uppermost floret (if present) < 1 mm, awn 0
Chromosomes: 2n=20,40
Ecology: Generally open, sandy to rocky slopes, flats, washes, roadsides, disturbed sites, scrub, woodland, pine forest
Elevation: < 1700 m.
Bioregional distribution: San Joaquin Valley, e Peninsular Ranges, Desert
Distribution outside California: to Colorado, Texas, s Mexico
Flowering time: JulDec
Other vars. in AZ, NM, n Mex
Horticultural information: STBL.