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Note:
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The genus Enteromorpha was merged with Ulva by Hayden et al. 2003.
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Illustrations:
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Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 75, fig. 31 (habit); Bliding 1963, p. 140, fig. 87 (photos): a–d (habit), e, f (surface views, vegetative plant), g (x-section, stipe), p. 142, fig. 88 (photos): a (surface view, vegetative plant), b (x-section, vegetative plant), c (male gametes), d (female gametes), e (zoospores), f, g (germlings); Burrows 1991, pl. 3 (photo: habit); Koeman and van den Hoek 1982a, p. 309, figs. 73–75 (habit), fig. 70 (male gametes), fig. 71 (female gametes), fig. 72 (zoospores), fig. 79 (surface views, vegetative plants), p. 310, fig. 81 (habit), fig. 83 (surface views, vegetative plants); Scagel 1966, pl. 26, fig. A (habit), figs. B, C, Q (x-sections, vegetative plants), figs. F–N (development of germlings from zygote), pl. 27, fig. A (gametangia), fig. B (gametes), fig. C (planozygote), fig. D (zoospore); Smith 1944, pl. 5, fig. 4 (habit), fig. 5 (x-section, vegetative plant), fig. 6 (surface view, vegetative plant)
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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Port Clarence, Norton Sound, Alaska (Collins 1927, p. 6) and Attu I., Aleutian Is., Alaska (Miller 4031 in UC) to San Francisco del Mar, Oaxaca (Huerta M. and Tirado L. 1970, p. 126), including Gulf of California north to Bahía La Choya, near Puerto Peñasco, Sonora (Dawson 1966a, p. 5)
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Taxonomy:
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Blomster et al. 1998; Burrows 1991, p. 86; Koeman and van den Hoek 1982a, p. 308; Scagel 1966, p. 49; Bliding 1963, p. 139
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Life History:
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uninvestigated in Pacific coast populations; in Europe, alternation of isomorphic phases, a sporophyte that produces quadriflagellate zoospores alternating with unisexual gametophytes that produce unequal biflagellate gametes; parthenogenetic development of gametophytes by unfused gametes under favorable conditions (Bliding 1963, p. 141)
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Biology/Ecology:
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Sousa and Connell 1992, p. 433; Wheeler and Björnsäter 1992; Fawley 1991, p.545; R. Aguilar Rosas and Machado Galindo 1990, p. 188; Farrell 1988, p. 190; Reed and Foster 1984, p. 946; Sousa 1984, p. 1923; Thom 1984a, p. 54; Littler and Arnold 1982, p. 309; Littler and Arnold 1980; Thom 1980a, p. 9; Thom 1980b, p. 105; Carefoot 1979; Lindstrom and Foreman 1979, p. 184; Dayton 1975, p. 140; Hruby 1975, p. 882; Dayton 1971, p. 372; Christie and Shaw 1968, p. 529; Jones and Babb 1968, p. 525; Druehl 1967a, p. 42; Christie and Evans 1962; Lersten and Voth 1960, p. 33; Rigg and Miller 1949
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Morphology:
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Björnsäter and Wheeler 1990, p. 603
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Ultrastructure:
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McArthur and Moss 1979; McArthur and Moss 1978; McArthur and Moss 1977; Hori 1972
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Chemistry:
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Blunden et al. 1982, p. 565; Manley et al. 1992; Thomas and Harrison 1988; Thomas et al. 1987; Dickson et al. 1979, p. 415; Medcalf et al. 1972; Rönnerstrand 1943, p. 48
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Culture Techniques:
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Kono et al. 1997
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