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Illustrations:
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Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 112, fig. 71 ( branching pattern ); Burrows 1991, p. 181, fig. 57 C ( branching pattern ); Kornmann and Sahling, 1977, p. 49, fig. 19 ( photos ): A ( habit ), B, F ( branching pattern ), C & ndash; E ( reproductive pinnules ), G ( cellular detail ); Rietema 1971, p. 294, figs. 2, 3 ( anisogametes ), figs. 4, 5 ( bisexual pinnules ), fig. 6 ( germling from zygote ), fig. 7 ( stephanospore ), figs. 11, 12 ( germlings from stephanospores )
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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Vancouver I ., British Columbia ( Departure Bay: Scagel 1957, p. 62; Victoria: Setchell and Gardner 1903, p. 230 ); English Camp, Wash. ( Setchell and Gardner 1903, p. 230 ); Oregon ( Phinney 1977, p. 100 ); Eureka, Humboldt Co ., Calif. ( Dawson 1965 a, p. 10 ); Bodega Head, Sonoma Co ., Calif. ( Kjeldsen 1995, p. 3 ); Tomales Bay, Marin Co ., Calif. ( Kjeldsen 1995, p. 3 ); Berkeley, San Francisco Bay, Calif. ( Burr and West 1970, p. 17 ); Monterey Peninsula, Calif. ( Smith 1944, p. 73 ); San Luis Obispo Co ., Calif. ( north of San Simeon: Sparling 1977, p. 26; Morro Bay: de Jesus et al. 1989, p. 768 ); Channel Is ., Calif. ( Santa Cruz I.: Apt et al. 1988, p. 40 ); Gaviota, Santa Barbara Co ., Calif. ( Dawson 1959 b, p. 188 ); Los Angeles Co ., Calif. ( Malibu: Dawson 1959 b, p. 186; San Pedro: Setchell and Gardner 1920 b, p. 159 ); San Diego, Calif. ( Stewart 1982, p. 53 ); Medio Camino, between Tijuana and Ensenada, Baja Calif. ( L. Aguilar Rosas and Pacheco Ruiz 1986, p. 77 ) to Punta San Juan de Alima ( near San Telmo ), Michoac & aacute; n, M & eacute; xico ( Dreckmann et al. 1990, p. 24 ), including Gulf of California north to Bah & iacute; a Kino, Sonora ( Mendoza Gonz & aacute; lez and Mateo Cid 1986, p. 420 ); Panama City, Panam & aacute; ( Taylor 1945, p. 60 )
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Taxonomy:
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Burrows 1991, p. 182; Scagel 1966, p. 124
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Molecular Taxonomy:
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Freshwater et al. 1990
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Life History:
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not completely known for Pacific coast populations, but involving diploid gametophytes that produce male and female anisogametes in separate sectors of same pinnule; in Europe, prostrate filamentous germlings from zygotes developing directly into bisexual gametophytes or indirectly by stephanospores or anisogametes ( Burrows 1991, Kermarrec 1980, Bartlett and South 1973, Rietema 1971, Neumann 1969 a )
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Biology/Ecology:
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Stewart 1982, p. 53; Shevlin 1980
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Morphology:
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Burr and West 1970
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Ultrastructure:
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Burr and West 1970, Urban 1969
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Chemistry:
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de Jesus et al. 1989, p. 769; Blunden et al. 1982, p. 565
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