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Sphacelaria rigidula K & uuml; tzing
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after Prud ' homme van Reine 1982 and Setchell and Gardner 1924 a and 1925 Synonyms: Sphacelaria subfusca Setchell et Gardner, S. furcigera K & uuml; tzing Illustrations: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 219, fig. 181 ( branching pattern ); Kitayama 1994, p. 73, fig. 22 ( photos: habit in nature ), p. 80, fig. 28 ( photos: unilocular and plurilocular sporangia ), p. 82, fig. 29 ( photos: unilocular sporangia ), p. 78, fig. 26 ( photos: propagules ); Prud ' homme van Reine 1982, p. 204, figs. 508 & ndash; 510 ( habit ), fig. 517 ( branching detail ), p. 207, figs. 538 & ndash; 540 ( unilocular organs ), figs. 541 & ndash; 544 ( plurilocular organs ); Setchell and Gardner 1924 a, pl. 19, fig. 58 ( branch with male and female gametangia ); Setchell and Gardner 1925, pl. 37, fig. 28 ( branching pattern ), fig. 29 ( branching pattern ) Pacific Coast Distribution: Prince William Sound, Alaska ( Johansen 1971 b, p. 66 ) to Luffenholtz Beach, Humboldt Co ., Calif. ( Dawson 1965 a, p. 13 ); Carmel Bay, Monterey Co ., Calif. ( Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 218 ); Channel Is ., Calif. ( Anacapa I.: Dawson and Neushul 1966, p. 174; Santa Catalina I.: Nicholson and Cimberg 1971, p. 377 ); Los Angeles Co ., Calif. ( Redondo Beach: Setchell and Gardner 1925, p. 396; San Pedro: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 218 ); Laguna Beach, Orange Co ., Calif. ( Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 218 ); Isla Guadalupe, Baja Calif. ( Dawson 1953 b, p. 112 ); to Gal & aacute; pagos Is. ( Dawson 1957 a, p. 3 ); Gulf of California ( Isla Tibur & oacute; n to La Paz: Dawson 1953 b, p. 112 ) Taxonomy: Kitayama 1994; Prud ' homme van Reine 1982, p. 20 Molecular Taxonomy: Tan and Druehl 1994; Tan and Druehl 1993 Life History: Propagules were produced in culture in temperatures greater than 12 C. Meiosis took place in the unilocular organs with half the plants becoming male gametophytes and the other half female gametophytes. Anisogamous gametangia were produced at 4 C, 12 C, and 17 C in long days only. The gametes fused, or females can develop parthenogenetically ( Colijn and van den Hoek 1971; van den Hoek and Flinterman 1968 ) Phenology: In Europe both plurilocular and unilocular plants are known, whereas Pacific plants are only unilocular in the north, and sterile, with propagules, or with plurilocular organs in the south Chromosomes: van den Hoek and Flinterman 1968 Biology/Ecology: Aguilar Rosas and Machado Galindo 1990, p. 188; Stewart 1982, p. 48; Dworetzky et al. 1980 Ultrastructure: Katsaros et al. 1994 Physiology: ten Hoopen et al. 1983

							J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
BRITISH COLUMBIA						Pl													Uncommon, in sand, on rocks, and epiphytic on Codium fragile in moderately exposed to moderately sheltered habitats in the upper subtidal. Scagel 1957, p. 74. Scagel 1973, p. 135. Lewis 1982, p. 18.
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COLUMBIA RIVER						Pl													Rare, in sand, on rocks, semi-exposed in the low intertidal. Markham and Celestino 1977, p. 259.
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CAPE ARAGO						Pl													Uncommon, amongst turf algae, mid and low intertidal. Dawson 1965 a, p. 13.
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CAPE MENDOCINO						Pl
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POINT ARENA						Pl
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SAN FRANCISCO						Pl													Rare, on rocks or algae in the low intertidal and upper subtidal in sheltered habitats. Silva 1979, p. 336. Josselyn and West 1985, p. 143.
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