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Key to SalixView taxon page for Salix
(For a list of species in Salix, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots.
1. Shrub < 0.2 m, forming mats by rhizomes or adventitious roots, alpine 2. Young leaves glabrous; mature leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. 6–22 mm, abaxially strongly net-veined, both surfaces glabrous; plant forming mats by rhizomes ..... S. nivalis 2' Young leaves hairy; mature leaf blade 19–44 mm, abaxially not strongly net-veined, both surfaces sparsely soft-shaggy-hairy or glabrous in age; plant forming mats by adventitious roots ..... S. petrophila 1' Shrub to tree, > 0.2 m, not forming mats, not alpine 3. Tree; bud  1. An incompletely developed, more or less embryonic shoot, usually covered with bud scales. 2. An unopened flower, often protected by sepals. scale  1. Wide, appressed, membranous, epidermal outgrowth (e.g., Cheilanthes covillei) 2. Structure partially or entirely covering an over-wintering bud (bud scale) (e.g., Salix goodingii bud). 3. In gymnosperms, a woody, seed-bearing structure attached to the cone axis (cone scale) (e.g., Abies magnifica). 4. In Asteraceae, a flat, membranous pappus element (e.g., Hymenoxys hoopesii). Leaves or bracts may be scale-like in one or more of the preceding ways. margins free, overlapping 4. Leaf blade not glaucous abaxially; twigs ± yellow or yellow-green or ± tan; young leaves white-hairy ..... S. gooddingii 4' Leaf blade glaucous abaxially; twigs ± tan; young leaves glabrous or white- or white-and-rusty-hairy ..... S. laevigata 3' Low shrub to tree; bud scale margins fused 5. Petiole generally with glands 6. Tree 7–25 m; twigs pendent or erect  Upright; vertically oriented. , flexible or ± brittle at base; petiole  Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. tomentose  Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. or silky 7. Stems, twigs erect to spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ; twigs ± yellow or gray to ± tan, densely silky; petiole silky ..... S. alba 7' Stems, twigs pendent; twigs ± tan, short-silky to velvety, glabrous in age (except at nodes); petiole tomentose ..... S. babylonica (2) 6' Shrub to tree, 0.6–10 m; twigs erect, flexible or brittle at base; petiole glabrous or long-soft-wavy-hairy ..... S. lasiandra 8. Leaf blade abaxially not glaucous or surface obscured by hair 9. Leaf entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). or ± sparsely short-slender-serrate; plant clonal by root-shoots; petiole glabrous or silky, 2–6 mm 10. Leaf blade linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. , length 10–23 × width; young leaves short-silky ..... S. exigua (2) 10' Leaf blade linear to narrow-elliptic or -oblanceolate, length 2.8–8.5 × width; young leaves long-soft-wavy-hairy, tomentose, or velvety ..... S. melanopsis 9' Leaf entire to finely serrate  Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. ; plant not clonal by root-shoots; petiole soft-shaggy-hairy, tomentose, or velvety, 3–17 mm 11. Leaf blade margins strongly rolled under, especially basally; young leaves abaxially densely silky or woolly ..... S. sitchensis (2) 11' Leaf blade margins flat or ± rolled under; young leaves abaxially soft-shaggy-hairy, tomentose, silky, or woolly 12. Young leaves shaggy-hairy; mature leaf blade abaxially glabrous or soft-shaggy-hairy, adaxially shiny to highly glossy ..... S. boothii 12' Young leaves densely tomentose, silky, or woolly; mature leaf blade abaxially tomentose, long-soft-wavy-hairy, woolly-tomentose, silky, or glabrous in age, adaxially dull ..... S. eastwoodiae 8' Leaf blade abaxially glaucous or surface obscured by hair 13. Leaf blade linear, length 6.6–25 × width; plant clonal by root-shoots ..... S. exigua (2) 13' Leaf blade narrowly elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear or wider, length 1.3–8(14.4) × width; plant not clonal by root-shoots (but sometimes clonal by layering or stem fragmentation) 14. Leaves (at least some) ± opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ..... S. purpurea 14' Leaves alternate  1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. 15' Shrub to tree, 0.2–10 m; twigs erect or decumbent  lying mostly flat on the ground but with tips curving up. 16. Leaf blade margins generally strongly rolled under, at least basally 17' Leaf blade adaxially shiny or dull 18. Leaf blade abaxially tomentose or woolly or generally sparsely silky, often with white and rusty hairs, glaucous, adaxially shiny ..... S. scouleriana 18' Leaf blade abaxially very densely silky or woolly, surface obscured by white hairs, adaxially dull ..... S. sitchensis (2) 16' Leaf blade margins flat or ± rolled under 19. Leaf blade adaxially highly glossy 20. Leaf blade abaxially moderately to densely shaggy, tomentose, or woolly, at least on midrib and veins, rarely ± glabrous 21. Twigs generally thinly glaucous; leaf blade abaxially generally woolly or shaggy-hairy, 18–55 wide ..... S. hookeriana 20' Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (or soon becoming so) to sparsely silky 22. Petiole tomentose or velvety; leaf blade 35–125 mm; twig hairs spreading; leaf blade glands adaxially submarginal or nearer blade center; 0–2500 m ..... S. lasiolepis (9) 22' Petiole sparsely soft-shaggy-hairy; leaf blade 19–75(115) mm; twig hairs appressed  Parallel or nearly parallel to and often in contact with surface of origin; used to describe the disposition of hairs, leaves, pedicels, etc. or curved toward stem; leaf blade glands generally marginal; 2500–4000 m ..... S. planifolia 19' Leaf blade adaxially dull to shiny 23. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous, downy, or soft-shaggy-hairy 24. Leaf blade white- or white-and-rusty-hairy 25. Stipules generally leaf-like; young leaves, mature blades densely silky or generally short-tomentose; 0–2500 m 26. Stipule tip acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. ; leaf glands submarginal or distinctly on adaxial surface; young leaves thick, yellow-green (or ± red) ..... S. lasiolepis (9) 26' Stipule tip convex to rounded; leaf glands marginal; young leaves thin, ± red ..... S. tracyi 25' Stipules 0 or vestigial on first leaves, leaf-like on later leaves or not; young leaves, mature blades generally densely silky; 1400–3600 m 27. Leaf blade persistently long-(often white-)hairy, 32–89 mm; petiole 3–9 mm; stipules generally 0 or vestigial ..... S. geyeriana (5) 27' Leaf blade in age ± glabrous or sparsely short-(generally rusty-)hairy, 44–110 mm; petiole 5–16 mm; stipules vestigial on first leaves, leaf-like on later ..... S. lemmonii (3) 24' Leaf blade white-hairy or glabrous 28. Stipules 0 or vestigial on first leaves, leaf-like on later 29. Young leaves, mature blades generally densely silky; twigs generally glaucous; 1450–3600 m ..... S. geyeriana (5) 29' Young leaves, mature blades densely silky or generally short-tomentose; twigs not glaucous; 0–2500 m ..... S. lasiolepis (9) 28' Stipules leaf-like (vestigial or not in Salix bebbiana) 30. Leaf blade abaxially generally with raised, net veins, length 1.7–3.9 × width, entire to crenate  Pertaining to margins with shallow, rounded teeth, between which are usually acute sinuses (i.e., scalloped) ; young leaves densely silky – n MP ..... S. bebbiana (2) 30' Leaf blade abaxially smooth, length 2.2–9.6 × width, generally finely serrate (entire or not in Salix lasiolepis); young leaves generally glabrous or sparsely hairy (densely silky in Salix lasiolepis) 31. Leaf base wedge-shaped or convex; blade shiny adaxially; twigs tomentose, glabrous in age ..... S. lasiolepis (9) 31' Leaf base rounded, subcordate, cordate  Heart-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and convex. , or convex; blade dull adaxially; twigs glabrous to sparsely long-soft-wavy-hairy 32' Twigs generally ± tan, peeling 33. Leaf blade strap-shaped to narrowly elliptic, length 2.9–6.4 × width, base convex to subcordate; stipule  Appendage at base of petiole, generally paired, variable in form but often leaf- or scale-like, sometimes a spine. tip rounded to acuminate  Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. ..... S. ligulifolia 33' Leaf blade narrowly oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. or lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. to obovate, length 2.4–4.5 × width, base rounded to cordate; stipule tip convex to rounded ..... S. prolixa 23' Leaf blade abaxially long-soft-wavy-hairy, tomentose, silky, or velvety 35. Leaf blade dull adaxially 36. Leaf blade abaxially very densely white- or white-and-rusty-silky; young leaves short-silky; twigs brittle at base ..... S. drummondiana (2) 36' Leaf blade abaxially sparsely to moderately densely white-silky; young leaves long-silky; twigs flexible at base ..... S. orestera (3) 35' Leaf blade shiny adaxially 37. Leaf blade hairier abaxially than adaxially (except midrib abaxially ± glabrous), generally densely white-silky to -tomentose; young leaves short-silky ..... S. drummondiana (2) 37' Leaf blade equally hairy abaxially and adaxially (midrib abaxially generally ± as hairy as blade), white-, rusty-, or white-and-rusty-hairy, glabrous in age or not; young leaves short- or long-silky 38. Leaf blade hairs long, generally white or white and rusty, persistent; petiole 2–9 mm; stipules generally 0 or vestigial ..... S. geyeriana (5) 38' Leaf blade hairs short, generally rusty, or in age 0; petiole 5–16 mm; stipules vestigial on first leaves, leaf-like on later leaves ..... S. lemmonii (3) 39. Young leaves sparsely or moderately hairy; petiole puberulent  Minutely hairy. ; twigs soft-shaggy-hairy – n MP ..... S. bebbiana (2) 39' Young leaves very densely hairy; petiole tomentose, silky, or velvety; twigs soft-shaggy-hairy, tomentose, silky, velvety, or glabrous in age 40. Leaf blade elliptic to obovate, length 1.3–2.8 × width; petiole velvety or tomentose; young leaves velvety or silky; leaf tip acute to convex ..... S. delnortensis 40' Leaf blade linear to oblanceolate, length 2.8–7.3 × width; petiole tomentose (or silky or velvety in Salix jepsonii); young leaves silky; leaf tip acute to acuminate (convex or not in Salix jepsonii) 41. Shrub < 1 m, subalpine; leaf blade 10–95 mm; 2100–4000 m 42' Leaf blade 35–95 mm, dull adaxially; petiole soft-shaggy-hairy; young leaves long-silky; not rare, SN, SNE ..... S. orestera (3) 41' Shrub > 1 m, subalpine and not; leaf blade 32–144 mm; 0–2800 m (to 3400–3600 m in Salix geyeriana, Salix jepsonii, Salix lemmonii) 43. Leaf blade white-and-rusty-hairy 44. Stipules generally leaf-like (or vestigial); young leaves, mature blades densely silky or generally short-tomentose; 0–2800 m ..... S. lasiolepis (9) 44' Stipules 0 or vestigial on first leaves, generally leaf-like on later; young leaves, mature blades generally densely silky; 1450–3600 m 45. Leaf blade hairs long (generally white or white and rusty), persistent; petiole 2–9 mm; stipules generally 0 or vestigial ..... S. geyeriana (5) 45' Leaf blade hairs short (generally rusty) or 0 in age; petiole 5–16 mm; stipules vestigial on first leaves, leaf-like on later ..... S. lemmonii (3) 43' Leaf blade white-hairy 46. Petiole silky, tomentose, or velvety 47. Leaf blade generally densely silky on both surfaces, 32–89 mm; stipules generally 0; petiole velvety ..... S. geyeriana (5) 47' Leaf blade generally glabrous in age or abaxially hairier, 35–144 mm; stipules generally leaf-like; petiole silky, tomentose, or velvety 48. Leaf blade abaxially densely silky, adaxially dark green; margin of first leaves on shoot gland-dotted ..... S. jepsonii 48' Leaf blade abaxially sparsely or moderately hairy, adaxially not dark green; margin of first leaves on shoot glandless ..... S. lasiolepis (9) 46' Petiole tomentose or soft-shaggy-hairy 49' Leaf blade abaxially tomentose, adaxially long-soft-wavy-hairy or tomentose; stipule tip generally convex 50. Leaf blade abaxially generally densely tomentose; twigs generally velvety; on serpentine ..... S. breweri 50' Leaf blade abaxially generally sparsely or moderately tomentose; twigs generally sparsely tomentose; on serpentine or not ..... S. lasiolepis (9)
Key to Pistillate Plants
1. Ovary (and generally fruit, at least when fruit young) glabrous (sometimes hairy on beak or when ovary young) 2. Flower bracts deciduous, ± tan, sparsely hairy, tips often ragged 3. Bud scale 1. Wide, appressed, membranous, epidermal outgrowth (e.g., Cheilanthes covillei) 2. Structure partially or entirely covering an over-wintering bud (bud scale) (e.g., Salix goodingii bud). 3. In gymnosperms, a woody, seed-bearing structure attached to the cone axis (cone scale) (e.g., Abies magnifica). 4. In Asteraceae, a flat, membranous pappus element (e.g., Hymenoxys hoopesii). Leaves or bracts may be scale-like in one or more of the preceding ways. margins free, overlapping; tree 4. Leaf blade Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. not glaucous abaxially; beak of ovary abruptly tapered  Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. to style ..... S. gooddingii (2) 3' Bud scale margins fused; shrub to tree 5. Petiole with glands; plant not clonal; stigmas persistent 6. Tree 10–25 m; stipules not conspicuously glandular; fruit 3.5–5 mm; twigs ± yellow or gray to ± tan ..... S. alba 6' Shrub to tree, 1–11 m; stipules conspicuously glandular; fruit 6–11 mm; twigs yellow-brown ..... S. lasiandra (2) 5' Petiole glands 0; plant clonal by root-sprouting; stigmas deciduous 7. Petiole hairy; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). margins ± rolled under; style ± green or ± tan ..... S. exigua (2) 2' Flower bracts generally persistent, ± tan to black, generally hairy, tips entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). 8' Shrub to tree; twigs erect Upright; vertically oriented. ; nectary < ovary stalk 9. Flower bract  Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. dark brown, wider distally, tip rounded, hairs dense, short, generally wavy; leaves white- or white-and-rusty-hairy 10. Stipule tip acute Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. ; leaf glands submarginal or distinctly on adaxial surface; young leaves thick, yellow-green (or ± red) ..... S. lasiolepis (2) 10' Stipule tip convex to rounded; leaf glands marginal; young leaves thin, ± red ..... S. tracyi 9' Flower bract not as above in all ways; young leaves white-hairy 11. Leaf blade not glaucous abaxially 12. Catkins blooming before or with leaves, on leafy shoots 1–9 mm; leaf blade adaxially glabrous (or becoming so) or soft-shaggy-hairy and highly glossy; ovary generally glabrous ..... S. boothii 12' Catkins blooming with leaves, on leafy shoots 2–12 mm; leaf blade adaxially tomentose Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. or silky and dull to shiny; ovary glabrous or generally silky ..... S. eastwoodiae (3) 11' Leaf blade glaucous abaxially 13. Stipules 0 or vestigial on early leaves, 0 or prominent on later; flower bract hairs straight or wavy, rarely ± 0 14. Style 0.6–1.5 mm; fruit 5–10 mm; twigs generally thinly glaucous; leaf blade abaxially soft-shaggy or woolly, length 1.5–4.2 × width; flower bract with long, straight hairs, generally not wider distally, tip pointed or not ..... S. hookeriana (3) 14' Style 0.1–0.6 mm; fruit 2.5–5.5 mm; twigs not glaucous; leaf blade abaxially tomentose or silky (glabrous in age), length 2.2–9.6 × width; flower bract with short, generally wavy hairs, generally wider distally, tip rounded ..... S. lasiolepis (2) 13' Stipules prominent on all leaves; flower bract hairs generally curly, rarely straight or wavy 15. Twigs yellow-gray or yellow- or gray-brown, not peeling, glabrous or sparsely soft-shaggy-hairy ..... S. lutea 15' Twigs red- or yellow-brown, generally peeling, glabrous or long-soft-wavy-hairy 16. Ovary stalk 0.9–2.5 mm; leaf blade strap-shaped to very narrowly elliptic In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear , length 2.9–6.4 × width, base convex to subcordate; stipule Appendage at base of petiole, generally paired, variable in form but often leaf- or scale-like, sometimes a spine. tip rounded to acuminate Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. ..... S. ligulifolia 16' Ovary stalk 1.3–4.2 mm; leaf blade narrowly oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. or lanceolate Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. to obovate, length 2.4–4.5 × width, base rounded to cordate Heart-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and convex. ; stipule tip convex to rounded ..... S. prolixa 1' Ovary (and generally fruit, at least when fruit young) hairy (sometimes hairy only on beak or when ovary young) 17. Dwarf shrub, forming mats by rhizomes or adventitious roots, alpine 18. Catkins ± 4–17-flowered; flower bract ± glabrous (hairy or not on margin); nectary 0–0.5 mm; style 0.2–0.4 mm; leaf abaxially strongly net-veined ..... S. nivalis 18' Catkins ± 50-flowered; flower bract hairy; nectary 0.5–1.2 mm; style 0.4–1.6 mm; leaf abaxially not strongly net-veined ..... S. petrophila 17' Low to tall shrub to tree, not forming mats, not alpine 19. Flower bracts deciduous, ± tan, sparsely to moderately hairy 20. Petioles not glandular at distal end; leaf margins with 0–4 teeth/cm, abaxial surface hairy ..... S. exigua (2) 20' Petioles glandular at distal end; leaf margins with 5–14 teeth/cm, abaxial surface sparsely hairy or generally glabrous 21. Bud scale margins free, overlapping; petioles Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. with a pair of glands; leaf with white hairs ..... S. gooddingii (2) 21' Bud scale margins fused; petioles generally with a cluster of glands; leaf with generally a mixture of white and rusty hairs ..... S. lasiandra (2) 19' Flower bracts persistent, black, brown, or ± tan, generally moderately to densely hairy 22. Catkins blooming with leaves, on leafy shoots 23. Leaf blade abaxially not glaucous or surface obscured by hair 24. Leaf blade abaxially densely silky or silky-woolly, adaxially dark green, sparsely silky (glabrous in age); twigs generally brittle at base 25. Leaf blade 8–25 mm wide, length 3–7.3 × width, margins flat or ± rolled under; nectary 0.3–0.6 mm; twigs very brittle at base; KR, CaRH, SNH; 1000–3400 m ..... S. jepsonii (3) 25' Leaf blade 17–48 mm wide, length 2–4 × width, margins strongly rolled under, especially basally; nectary 0.5–0.9 mm; twigs flexible or ± brittle at base; NW, n SNH, CW (except SCoRI), w WTR; 0–400 m (1800–2500 m in Siskiyou, Humboldt cos.) ..... S. sitchensis (4) 24' Leaf blade on both surfaces sparsely to densely tomentose or silky, gray-green; twigs flexible at base 26. Leaves on catkin  Spike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts. shoots and first leaves on vegetative twigs entire or finely short-slender-serrate ..... S. eastwoodiae (3) 26' Leaves on catkin shoots and first leaves on vegetative twigs entire or margins gland-dotted 27. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely to moderately woolly-tomentose or silky, glabrous in age 28. Leaf blade abaxially generally shaggy (sometimes appressed)-hairy, base rounded to cordate; flower bract brown or black; KR, NCoR, CaRH, SNH, SnJV, MP, W&I ..... S. eastwoodiae (3) 28' Leaf blade abaxially silky, base wedge-shaped to convex; flower bract brown; SN, SNE ..... S. orestera (2) 27' Leaf blade abaxially densely silky to woolly 29. Leaf blade 8–25 mm wide, length 3–7.3 × width, margins flat or ± rolled under; nectary 0.3–0.6 mm; twigs very brittle at base; KR, CaRH, SNH; 1000–3400 m ..... S. jepsonii (3) 29' Leaf blade 17–48 mm wide, length 2–4 × width, margins strongly rolled under, especially basally; nectary 0.5–0.9 mm; twigs flexible or ± brittle at base; NW, n SNH, CW (except SCoRI), w WTR; 0–400 m (1800–2500 m in Siskiyou, Humboldt cos.) ..... S. sitchensis (4) 23' Leaf blade abaxially glaucous 30' Ovary stalk 0.4–5 mm; shrub to tree, > 0.5 m; alpine, subalpine, or montane 31. Young leaves rusty- or white-and-rusty-hairy 32. Catkin ± spheric, 8–21 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm; fruit 3–6 mm; flower bract pale; leaves generally persistently silky on both surfaces; petiole Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. 2–9 mm; stipules 0 or vestigial ..... S. geyeriana (4) 32' Catkin cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. , 19–44 mm; style 0.3–1 mm; fruit 5–7 mm; flower bract dark; leaves silky but glabrous in age on both surfaces; petiole 5–16 mm; stipules vestigial on first leaves, leaf-like on later ..... S. lemmonii (2) 31' Young leaves white-hairy 33. Style 0.1–0.4 mm; ovary stalk 1–5 mm 34. Catkin cylindric, 16–60 mm; twigs shaggy, not glaucous; petiole puberulent Minutely hairy. ; leaf blade dull adaxially; stipules leaf-like; ovary stalk 2–6 mm; 1000–1400 m ..... S. bebbiana (2) 34' Catkin ± spheric, 8–21 mm; twigs tomentose or velvety, generally glaucous; petiole velvety; leaf blade shiny adaxially; stipules 0 or vestigial; ovary stalk 1–2.8 mm; 1450–3600 m ..... S. geyeriana (4) 33' Style 0.4–1 mm; ovary stalk 0.4–2 mm 35. Style 0.4–0.6 mm; ovary short-silky; twigs very brittle at base; leaf blade abaxially densely silky; petiole silky or velvety ..... S. jepsonii (3) 35' Style 0.6–1 mm; ovary long-silky; twigs flexible at base; leaf blade abaxially sparsely to moderately silky; petiole tomentose ..... S. orestera (2) 22' Catkins blooming before leaves (sometimes ± so), sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. or on bracted shoots, rarely on leafy shoots to 5 mm 36. Flower bract ± tan or light rose 37. Flower bract sparsely hairy; ovary sparsely or moderately silky, long-beaked; style 0.1–0.4 mm 38. Catkin cylindric, 16–60 mm; twigs shaggy, not glaucous; petiole puberulent; leaf blade dull adaxially; stipules leaf-like; ovary stalk 2–6 mm; 1000–1400 m ..... S. bebbiana (2) 38' Catkin ± spheric, 8–21 mm; twigs tomentose or velvety, generally glaucous; petiole velvety; leaf blade shiny adaxially; stipules 0 or vestigial; ovary stalk 1–2.8 mm; 1450–3600 m ..... S. geyeriana (4) 37' Flower bract moderately to densely hairy; ovary densely hairy, short-beaked; style 0.4–0.8 mm 39. Ovary tomentose, stalk 0–0.4 mm, < nectary; nectary generally narrowly oblong; leaf margins ± rolled under, blade abaxially sparsely or moderately tomentose; stipule tip rounded; on serpentine ..... S. breweri 39' Ovary silky, stalk 0.4–1.4 mm, < to > nectary; nectary square to flask-shaped; leaf margins strongly rolled under, especially basally, blade abaxially densely silky or woolly; stipule tip generally acute; not on serpentine ..... S. sitchensis (4) 36' Flower bract brown, black, or 2-colored 40. Catkins and leaves (at least some) ± opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ..... S. purpurea 40' Catkins and leaves alternate 1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. 41' Twigs not glaucous or weakly so 42. Young leaves generally white-hairy (hairs sometimes ± yellow, gray, or rusty) 43' Catkin slender; ovary stalk 0–1.4 mm 44. Ovary stalk 0–0.3 mm; catkin 17–53 mm; leaf blade abaxially densely tomentose; on serpentine, nw KR ..... S. delnortensis 44' Ovary stalk 0.4–1.4 mm; catkin 25–73 mm; leaf blade abaxially densely silky or woolly; not on serpentine, NW, n SNH, CW (except SCoRI), w WTR ..... S. sitchensis (4) 42' Young leaves white- or white-and-rusty-hairy 45. Stigma 0.2–0.4 mm; catkin < 45 mm 46. Catkin ± spheric, 8–21 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm; fruit 3–6 mm; flower bract pale; leaves generally silky persistently on both surfaces; petiole 2–9 mm; stipules 0 or vestigial ..... S. geyeriana (4) 46' Catkin cylindric, 19–44 mm; style 0.3–1 mm; fruit 5–7 mm; flower bract dark; leaves silky but glabrous in age on both surfaces; petiole 5–16 mm; stipules vestigial on first leaves, leaf-like on later ..... S. lemmonii (2) 45' Stigma 0.4–1 mm; catkin 15–117 mm 47' Young leaves generally densely hairy; ovary stalk 0.8–2.3 mm; fruit generally > 6 mm
Key to Staminate Plants
1. Stamens > 2 per flower 2. Bud scale 1. Wide, appressed, membranous, epidermal outgrowth (e.g., Cheilanthes covillei) 2. Structure partially or entirely covering an over-wintering bud (bud scale) (e.g., Salix goodingii bud). 3. In gymnosperms, a woody, seed-bearing structure attached to the cone axis (cone scale) (e.g., Abies magnifica). 4. In Asteraceae, a flat, membranous pappus element (e.g., Hymenoxys hoopesii). Leaves or bracts may be scale-like in one or more of the preceding ways. margins fused; anthers 0.6–1 mm ..... S. lasiandra 2' Bud scale margins free, overlapping; anthers 0.4–0.6 mm 3. Leaf blade Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. not glaucous abaxially; twigs ± yellow or yellow-green or ± tan; margins of leaves on catkin Spike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts. shoots finely serrate Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. ; young leaves white-hairy ..... S. gooddingii 3' Leaf blade glaucous abaxially; twigs ± tan; margins of leaves on catkin shoots entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ; young leaves glabrous or white- or white-and-rusty-hairy ..... S. laevigata 1' Stamens 1–2 per flower 5. Catkins and leaves (at least some) ± opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ..... S. purpurea 5' Catkins and leaves alternate 1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. 6. Leaf blade 8–25 mm wide, length 3–7.3 × width; flower bract Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. sparsely hairy; filaments generally hairy basally; twigs very brittle at base; KR, CaRH, SNH; 1000–3400 m ..... S. jepsonii (2) 6' Leaf blade 17–48 mm wide, length 2–4 × width; flower bract moderately hairy; filaments glabrous; twigs flexible or ± brittle at base; NW, n SNH, CW (except SCoRI), w WTR; 0–400 m (1800–2500 m in Siskiyou, Humboldt cos.) ..... S. sitchensis 7. Shrub < 0.2 m, forming mats by rhizomes or adventitious roots; alpine 8. Catkin and leafy shoot terminal; catkin 7–19 mm; flower bract ± glabrous (hairy or not on margin); young leaves glabrous; nectaries adaxial, abaxial ..... S. nivalis 8' Catkin and leafy shoot lateral; catkin 18–32 mm; flower bract hairy; young leaves long-soft-wavy-hairy; nectaries generally only adaxial ..... S. petrophila 7' Shrub to tree, > 0.2 m, not forming mats; not alpine 9. Nectaries adaxial and abaxial; catkins Spike or spike-like (e.g., Alnus) inflorescence of unisexual flowers with inconspicuous perianths (generally wind-pollinated), usually pendent and often with conspicuous bracts. blooming with or after leaves, on leafy shoots 10. Tree; twigs flexible or ± brittle at base 11. Stems and twigs erect Upright; vertically oriented. to spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ; twigs ± yellow or gray to ± tan, densely silky; petiole Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. silky ..... S. alba 11' Stems and twigs pendent; twigs ± tan, short-silky to velvety, glabrous in age (except at nodes); petiole tomentose Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. ..... S. babylonica 10' Shrub; twigs flexible at base 12' Shrub 0.8–7 m, clonal by root-sprouting, riparian; catkin 13–54 mm on leafy shoot 5–70 mm; anther 0.6–1.1 mm 13. Leaf blade linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to narrow-elliptic or -oblanceolate, length 2.8–8.5 × width; twigs gray-brown; young leaves long-soft-wavy-hairy, tomentose, or velvety; petiole glabrous ..... S. melanopsis 13' Leaf blade linear, length 10–23 × width; twigs ± tan; young leaves short- and long-silky; petiole hairy ..... S. exigua 9' Nectaries adaxial; catkins blooming before or with leaves, sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. or on leafy shoots; native 14. Catkins blooming before leaves (sometimes ± so), sessile or on bracted shoots or on leafy shoots to 4 mm 15' Flower bract brown to black; not on serpentine (except Salix delnortensis) 17' Twigs generally hairy, not velvety, brittle or flexible at base; non-serpentine 18. Anthers yellow; catkins sessile or on leafy shoots to 8 mm, length 1.6–6.4 × width; twigs brittle at base ..... S. hookeriana (2) 18' Anthers purple, in age yellow; catkins sessile or on leafy shoots to 4 mm, length 1.3–3.2 × width; twigs flexible at base 19. Low shrubs generally restricted to subalpine meadows, SNH, SNE; twigs generally glabrous to sparsely hairy; adaxial nectaries narrowly oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. to oblong ..... S. planifolia (2) 19' Tall shrubs to trees in forest openings, NW, CaR, SN, n CCo, SnFrB, SnGb, SnBr, SnJt, GB; twigs sparsely hairy to densely velvety; adaxial nectaries oblong to square ..... S. scouleriana 16' Anthers generally <= 0.6 mm 20. Plants of SNH, SNE ( Salix lasiolepis also in SNH, W&I, but in staminate plants morphologically indistinguishable from Salix drummondiana and Salix planifolia) 20' Plants not of SNH, SNE 22. Twigs glabrous, long-soft hairy, tomentose, or woolly; filaments glabrous or hairy; anthers yellow; NCo (< 100 m), n NCoRO (500–1000 m), CaRF, n CCo (Sonoma Co.) ..... S. hookeriana (2) 22' Twigs glabrous, densely short-soft-spreading-hairy, or tomentose; filaments glabrous; anthers purple, in age yellow; CA 23. Stipule tip acute Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. ; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). glands submarginal or distinctly on adaxial surface; young leaves thick, yellow-green (or ± red) ..... S. lasiolepis 23' Stipule tip convex to rounded; leaf glands marginal; young leaves thin, ± red ..... S. tracyi (2) 14' Catkins blooming with leaves, on (sometimes very short) leafy shoots 24. Young leaves rusty- or white-and-rusty-hairy 25. Flower bracts widest above middle; leaf abaxial hairs spreading; young leaves glabrous, tomentose, or puberulent Minutely hairy. ..... S. tracyi (2) 25' Flower bracts widest at middle; leaf abaxial hairs appressed Parallel or nearly parallel to and often in contact with surface of origin; used to describe the disposition of hairs, leaves, pedicels, etc. ; young leaves silky 26. Catkin spheric, 11–18 mm; flower bract glabrous or hairy, ± tan to dark brown; anthers 0.4–0.5 mm ..... S. geyeriana (3) 26' Catkin stout-cylindric, 19–44 mm; flower bract hairy, brown to 2-colored; anthers 0.5–0.9 mm ..... S. lemmonii 24' Young leaves white-hairy or glabrous 28. Leaf blade abaxially not glaucous; leaves on catkin shoots generally finely short-slender-serrate (or entire or gland-dotted) ..... S. eastwoodiae (2) 28' Leaf blade abaxially glaucous or surface obscured by hair; leaves on catkin shoots entire or gland-dotted 29. Stipules 0 or vestigial 30. Catkin spheric, 11–18 mm; anthers 0.4–0.5 mm; leaf blade shiny adaxially; petiole velvety ..... S. geyeriana (3) 30' Catkin stout-cylindric, 16–34 mm; anthers 0.6–1 mm; leaf blade dull adaxially; petiole tomentose ..... S. orestera (2) 31. Leaf blade abaxially densely silky; petiole silky or velvety; twigs very brittle at base ..... S. jepsonii (2) 31' Leaf blade abaxially sparsely to moderately tomentose or silky; petiole puberulent or tomentose; twigs flexible at base 32. Flower bract ± tan; twigs moderately to densely long-soft-wavy-hairy; petiole puberulent; 1000–1400 m ..... S. bebbiana (2) 32' Flower bract brown; twigs sparsely soft-shaggy-hairy or silky, glabrous in age; petiole tomentose; 2100–4000 m ..... S. orestera (2) 33. Later stipules 0 or vestigial, scars  Mark left by the natural separation of two structures, as a leaf scar on a stem. 0 or minute ..... S. geyeriana (3) 33' Later stipules leaf-like, scars not 0, not minute 34. Leaf blade not glaucous abaxially 35. Young leaves shaggy-hairy; mature leaf blade abaxially glabrous or soft-shaggy-hairy, adaxially shiny to highly glossy ..... S. boothii 35' Young leaves densely tomentose, silky, or woolly; mature leaf blade abaxially tomentose, long-soft-wavy-hairy, woolly-tomentose, silky, or glabrous in age, adaxially dull ..... S. eastwoodiae (2) 34' Leaf blade glaucous abaxially 36. Twigs yellow-gray or yellow- or gray-brown, not peeling; anthers 0.4–0.8 mm ..... S. lutea 36' Twigs yellow-green or generally ± tan, peeling; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm 37. Leaf blade margin entire to crenate Pertaining to margins with shallow, rounded teeth, between which are usually acute sinuses (i.e., scalloped) ; flower bract 1.2–3.2 mm, hairs wavy; catkin leafy shoots 0.5–11 mm ..... S. bebbiana (2) 37' Leaf blade margin generally serrate; flower bract 0.8–1.6 mm, hairs curly; catkin leafy shoots 0–3 mm 38. Leaf blade strap-shaped to narrowly elliptic In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear , base convex to subcordate; stipule Appendage at base of petiole, generally paired, variable in form but often leaf- or scale-like, sometimes a spine. tip rounded to acuminate Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. ..... S. ligulifolia 38' Leaf blade narrowly oblong or lanceolate Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. to obovate, base rounded to cordate Heart-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and convex. ; stipule tip convex to rounded ..... S. prolixa
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