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Key to JuncusView taxon page for Juncus
(For a list of species in Juncus, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. Key to Groups
1. Annual generally < 10 cm; roots fine, fibrous  1. Pertaining to structures that are composed at least in part of more or less thread-like but usually tough elements (e.g., Yucca leaves). 2. Pertaining to a root system composed of many roots similar in length and thickness (e.g., grass roots). ; leaves narrow, generally inrolled, generally < 1 mm wide ..... Group 1 1' Perennial herb; plant generally larger in all respects; roots coarse or rhizomes present; leaves narrow or wide, inrolled to flat or cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. 2. Inflorescence bract  Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. cylindric, resembling continuation of stem; inflorescence appearing lateral ..... Group 2 2' Inflorescence bract not cylindric, not resembling continuation of stem, or if so then channeled along inner side; inflorescence appearing terminal 3. Leaf blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. generally cylindric or nearly so; crosswalls generally complete ..... Group 3 3' Leaf blade flat or wiry; crosswalls incomplete or 0 4. Leaf blade iris-like, flattened, oriented with edge toward stem (at least from middle to tip), crosswalls generally incomplete ..... Group 4 4' Leaf blade wiry or grass-like, if flattened then oriented with flat side toward stem, crosswalls 0 5. 2 bractlets subtending flower; leaves slender, generally < 1.3 mm wide, generally wiry or channeled; flowers 1 or in clusters ..... Group 5 5' 1 bractlet subtending flower; leaves broader, generally 2–7 mm wide, flat; flowers in clusters ..... Group 6
1. Stem generally branched, leafy; inflorescence or flowers scattered along stem or congested in terminal cluster; stamens 3 or 6 3. Flowers scattered along stem, 1 per node  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. ..... J. bufonius var. occidentalis 3' Flowers terminal, 3–10(25) per cluster 4. Perianth green to red or pale brown; lowest bract Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. > inflorescence ..... J. capitatus (2) 2' Sepals generally 4–10 mm 5. Fruit tip generally truncate  Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. , ± = petals; petals ± blunt ..... J. ambiguus 5' Fruit tip generally rounded or acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. , < petals; petals acute to acuminate  Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. 1' Stem not branched, leafless, leaves basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. ; inflorescence or flowers terminal; stamens 2–3(5) 7. Inflorescence bracts leaf-like, > inflorescence; sepals >>, more acuminate than petals ..... J. capitatus (2) 7' Inflorescence bracts inconspicuous, membranous, < inflorescence; sepals, petals similar in size, shape, occasionally sepals < petals 8. Anthers >= 0.9 mm, >(=) filaments; style >= 0.9 mm, flowers outcrossing 9' Fruit 1–5 mm, < or ± = perianth 10. Perianth parts acuminate; petals colored to tip, margins narrowly scarious; seed striate at 15× ..... J. triformis 10' Perianth parts acute; petals generally not colored to tip, sepal and petal margins broadly scarious; seed not striate at 15× ..... J. leiospermus 8' Anthers < 0.8 mm, < filaments; style < 0.6 mm, flowers generally self-pollinating 12' Perianth generally green to pink or red; generally 1–2 flowers per stem 13. Seed not striate; flowers 1 per stem; bracts 0 or 1–2, truncate to acute 14' Inflorescence bractlets 1–2; stem not thickened below flower 15' Inflorescence bractlets 1–2, tips acute to blunt, ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. to rounded, not sheathing stem; stamens 2–4 13' Seed striate; flowers 1–2(7) per stem; bracts 2, acute to acuminate 17. Perianth parts generally 4 18. Fruit much paler than perianth; seed 0.5–0.8 mm, < 4 per row, < 10 per capsule; fruit generally ± spheric to obovoid, < perianth ..... J. capillaris (2) 18' Fruit, perianth both pale green or pink; seed 0.3–0.5 mm, > 4 per row, > 10 per capsule; some fruit ± ellipsoid or oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. , >= perianth ..... J. tiehmii 17' Perianth parts generally 6 19. Perianth generally > and darker than capsule; < 10 seeds per capsule; seed 0.5–0.8 mm, striations generally faint at 30× ..... J. capillaris (2) 19' Perianth ± = and same color as capsule; > 40 seeds per capsule; seed 0.3–0.6 mm, striations obvious at 30× 20. Flowers generally (1)2–3(4) per stem; fruit, perianth generally ± dark red in age; seed 0.4–0.6 mm ..... J. kelloggii 20' Flowers 1(2) per stem; fruit, perianth generally pale green to pale red in age, perianth midvein tips dark red; seed 0.3–0.4 mm ..... J. luciensis
Group 2: Perennial herb; inflorescence bract erect and stem-like
1. Rhizomes long, creeping; stem scattered or in lines, in loose colonies 2' Blades 0 or < 1 cm, not stem-like 3. Perianth < 5.5(6) mm; inflorescence open 4. Stem smooth, not stiff, generally dark green; fruit acute Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. below beak; stem generally < 1.1 m ..... J. balticus subsp. ater 4' Stem ridged, stiff, gray-green; fruit ± obtuse  Having a short-tapered, blunt tip or base, the sides convex or straight and converging at more than a right angle. below beak; stem to 2 m ..... J. textilis 3' Perianth generally > 6 mm; inflorescence open or a dense head  1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches. 5. Inflorescence dense, branches obscured; older sheaths shiny, dark brown; stem generally flattened, generally arching, twisted ..... J. breweri 5' Inflorescence generally open, branches obvious; sheaths dull to ± shiny, pale to dark brown; stem cylindric Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. , erect  Upright; vertically oriented. , generally not twisted ..... J. lescurii 1' Rhizomes short; stem cespitose  Having a densely clumped, tufted, matted, or cushion-like growth form. , in dense tufts like bunchgrass 7. Inflorescence < 6 flowers 8. Fruit notched or truncate Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. ; leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blades 0 or vestigial; moist ground ..... J. drummondii 8' Fruit acute or acuminate Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. ; leaf blades > 2 cm, stem-like; ± dry ground ..... J. parryi 7' Inflorescence > 10 flowers 9' Sheaths with blades 5–100 cm, stem-like, tip sharp; stem coarse, dark green 10. Perianth 2–4 mm; fruit >> perianth; fresh sepals rounded or notched with short awn  1. Bristle-like appendage or elongation, generally terminal. 2. Stiff, needle-like pappus element in Asteraceae. , thin, not stiff; stem smooth, base fibrous 1. Pertaining to structures that are composed at least in part of more or less thread-like but usually tough elements (e.g., Yucca leaves). 2. Pertaining to a root system composed of many roots similar in length and thickness (e.g., grass roots). ..... J. acutus subsp. leopoldii 10' Perianth 4–6 mm; fruit ± = perianth; fresh sepals spiny, acuminate, thick, firm; stem with 6–11 low wide ridges per side, base not fibrous ..... J. cooperi 11' Petals acuminate, perianth ± >= fruit; pith generally solid 12. Upper sheath  A surrounding or partially surrounding, often tubular structure or part of a structure, such as a leaf base in Apiaceae or Poaceae. tip generally strongly asymmetrical on fertile stem 13' Sheath tip thin with broad membranous wings; sheath green when fresh to pale or mid-brown when dry 14. Perianth dark brown- to black-striped; fertile stem slender, generally 0.8–2 mm diam above sheath; NCo, KR, CCo, SCoRO ..... J. hesperius 12' Upper sheath tip ± symmetrical on fertile stem 15. Fertile stem slender, 0.8–2 mm diam above sheath; perianth with mid- to dark-brown stripes; stem striations 8–12 per side, coarse, best seen on dry stem; montane natives 16. Upper 1/2 of sheath green to pale brown, thin, dull, veins prominent, tip thin, ± inrolled towards stem ..... J. exiguus 16' Sheath generally dark brown to ± black throughout, thick, glossy, veins obscure, tip thickened, not inrolled ..... J. laccatus 15' Fertile stem stout, generally 2–5 mm diam above sheath; perianth generally pale brown; stem striations 14–26 per side, slender; rare introduced subspecies ..... J. effusus 17. Perianth spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. or curving away from fruit; sheaths 5–14 cm, margins generally dark-banded; sheath clasping stem, margins overlapping 2–4 cm from tip ..... subsp. effusus 17' Perianth erect, pressed to fruit; sheaths generally 15–27 cm, margins generally pale; sheath not clasping stem, margins generally loose, flattened or unrolled ..... subsp. solutus
Group 3: Perennial herb; leaf blades with regular crosswalls, generally tubular, scarcely flattened
1. Plant matted, submerged, early leaves hair-like; stem capillary 2. Fruit tip blunt or truncate Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. , 2–3.5 mm; sepals >= petals; petal tips blunt ..... J. bulbosus (2) 2' Fruit tip acute Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. or acuminate Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. , 3.5–6.1 mm; sepals <= petals; petal tips acute to acuminate ..... J. supiniformis (3) 1' Plant not matted, generally not submerged; leaves and stem generally wider 3. Most or all flowers with 3 stamens 4' Plant cespitose Having a densely clumped, tufted, matted, or cushion-like growth form. ; inflorescence open, clusters > 5, < 15–flowered 5. Fruit generally <= perianth 6' Roots with some oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. tubers near tips; perianth <= 2.5 mm; fruit < 2.3 mm ..... J. elliottii 7. Perianth 3.4–5.4 mm; inflorescence bulblets  1. Small bulb generally produced at the base of a bulb. 2. Any small, bulb-like structure that propagates a plant, often in a leaf or bract axil. occasionally present; fruit dark ..... J. supiniformis (3) 3' Most or all flower with 6 stamens 8' Leaf, stem surfaces smooth 9. Rhizome nodes Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. tuberous 10. Sepals > petals; inflorescence bracts spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ; fruit ± = perianth; inflorescence clusters generally 1–1.5 cm wide ..... J. torreyi 10' Sepals ± = petals; inflorescence bracts ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. ; fruit > perianth; inflorescence clusters generally < 1 cm wide ..... J. nodosus 12. Inflorescence clusters 1–3 12' Inflorescence clusters generally > 5 14' Fruit gradually tapered  Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. to beak; fruit generally > perianth 15' Petals acuminate, bristle-tipped; fruit light brown to red or dark red ..... J. dubius 16. Inflorescence clusters generally > 5; fruit > perianth; inflorescence bulblets occasionally present; stem occasionally rooting at nodes 17. Fruit tip blunt or truncate below style; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). with >= 1 cylindrical air chamber in ×-section ..... J. bulbosus (2) 17' Fruit tip acute or acuminate below style; leaf with 1 cylindrical air chamber in ×-section 18' Inflorescence clusters < 10; perianth 3.4–5.4 mm; pale petal margins narrow, generally inrolled, tips acuminate ..... J. supiniformis (3) 16' Inflorescence clusters generally 1–3; fruit generally <= perianth; inflorescence bulblets 0, stem not rooting at nodes 19' Fruit generally notched or truncate, ± beakless; leaves tubular, hollow, green; stem with 1(2) heads; montane 20. Perianth generally < 2.8 mm; perianth brown, stiff; inflorescence bract Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. narrow, generally not sheathing; SW ..... J. duranii 20' Perianth generally > 3.1 mm; perianth ± purple-black, not stiff; inflorescence bract wide, generally sheathing; not SW ..... J. mertensianus (2)
Group 4: Perennial herb; leaf blades flattened, iris-like, crosswalls generally incomplete
1. Fruit gradually tapered Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. to long beak 2. Perianth green, tips red or purple; inflorescence generally > 15 cm, clusters generally <= 8-flowered ..... J. oxymeris 2' Perianth generally dark brown to dark purple-brown or ± black; inflorescence generally < 10 cm, clusters > 8-flowered ..... J. phaeocephalus 1' Fruit abruptly tapered to beak 4' Anthers 0.5–1 mm, generally <= filaments; styles <= 1 mm; flowers generally self-pollinating 5' Stamens generally 6; perianth generally green to red-tipped or brown
Group 5: Perennial herb; leaf blades wiry or slightly flattened and channeled, < 1.3 mm wide
1' Perianth green, brown, or red, tips acute Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. or acuminate Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. , not incurved or hooded; anthers < to > filaments; cespitose Having a densely clumped, tufted, matted, or cushion-like growth form. ; inland wetlands 2. Leaf sheath A surrounding or partially surrounding, often tubular structure or part of a structure, such as a leaf base in Apiaceae or Poaceae. appendages stiff, thick, plastic-like, rounded, shiny, ± yellow ..... J. dudleyi 2' Leaf sheath appendages not stiff, thin, rounded to acuminate, dull, white or translucent 3. Fruit chambers 3, partitions straight, united except at tip 4. Sepals ± = petals; style 0.1–0.2 mm; anthers < filaments; perianth with thick, darker brown stripes, pale margins broad; inflorescence generally compact ..... J. confusus 4' Sepals > petals; style (0.3)0.4–0.8 mm; anthers > filaments; perianth generally green or light brown, pale margins narrow; inflorescence open ..... J. trilocularis 3' Fruit chamber 1, partitions concave, separated except at base 5. Fruit ridged, truncate Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. or notched; perianth green or with thick dark brown stripes ..... J. occidentalis 5' Fruit ridges 0 or obscure, fruit rounded or acute; perianth green or ± red, pale brown in age 6. Leaf sheath appendages generally rounded, ± opaque below, 0.2–0.6 mm; bractlets acuminate, generally bristle-tipped; stem with 2–6 strong ridges per side 7. Bractlets acute to blunt, not bristle-tipped; inflorescence bracts ± hardened; seed 0.3–0.4 mm; NCoRI ..... J. dichotomus 7' Bractlets acuminate, generally bristle-tipped; inflorescence bracts soft; seed 0.4–0.7 mm; DMtns ..... J. interior 6' Leaf sheath appendages generally acute to acuminate, ± translucent, generally 1–8 mm until late in season when generally smaller or absent; bractlets generally acute to blunt; stem with or without strong ridges per side 8. Stem with 2–6 strong ridges per side; fruit < 2.5 mm, < 75% perianth; inflorescence generally orange-red; flower < internodes  Segment of an axis (generally a stem) between successive positions (nodes) from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. ..... [J. anthelatus] 8' Stem with 0–1 strong ridges per side; fruit generally > 2.5 mm, > 75% perianth; inflorescence generally green; flower generally > internodes ..... J. tenuis Group 6: Perennial herb; leaf blades flattened, grass-like, generally 2–7 mm wide
2. Plant base with knobby tubers; anthers ± purple-red; cespitose Having a densely clumped, tufted, matted, or cushion-like growth form. ..... J. marginatus 3. Seeds slender, 1–2 appendages >= 1/2 seed body 4. Seed body > both appendages; petals generally > sepals; inflorescence clusters generally 5–20, clusters generally 2–5-flowered; leaves <= 4.5 mm wide ..... J. howellii 4' Seed body < 1–2 appendages; petals generally = sepals; inflorescence clusters 1–5, clusters generally 10–30-flowered; leaves < 3 mm wide ..... J. regelii 3' Seeds plump, appendages 0 or short points, << seed body 5. Perianth generally 2–3.6 mm; fruit >= perianth 6. Fruit blunt or notched, petals blunt or acute Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. ; heads 1–6, branches erect Upright; vertically oriented. , inflorescence narrow; leaves blue-green ..... J. covillei 6' Fruit, petals acuminate Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. ; heads 10–50, branches spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. , inflorescence diffuse; leaves green ..... J. cyperoides 5' Perianth generally 4–6 mm; fruit generally <= perianth 7. Leaf sheath A surrounding or partially surrounding, often tubular structure or part of a structure, such as a leaf base in Apiaceae or Poaceae. appendages well developed, generally rounded, > 1 mm 8. Rhizomatous; sepals generally = petals; inflorescence clusters 1–4(5); perianth midveins smooth to occasionally papillate  Pertaining to a surface (e.g., of a leaf, stigma, fruit) bearing small, rounded or conic protuberances (papillae). , green ..... J. longistylis 8' Loosely cespitose; sepals < petals; inflorescence clusters 8–30; perianth midveins smooth, generally red-streaked ..... J. macrophyllus 7' Leaf sheath appendages 0 or obscure, generally pointed, < 1 mm 10. Petals acuminate, generally > 5 mm; anthers generally > 1.7; fruit tip acute to truncate Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. , inconspicuous, << perianth, generally ellipsoid to oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. ; CCo ..... subsp. falcatus 10' Petals acute to blunt, generally < 4.5 mm; anthers < 1.5 mm; fruit tip notched, conspicuous, ± = perianth, generally spheric to broadly ellipsoid; NCo ..... subsp. sitchensis
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