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Key to CeanothusView taxon page for Ceanothus
(For a list of species in Ceanothus, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Stipules knob-like, corky, thick, bases persistent; leaves generally opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. (generally alternate  1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. in Ceanothus megacarpus var. megacarpus, Ceanothus verrucosus), clustered or not; inflorescence generally umbel-like (subg. Cerastes) 2. Leaves generally alternate 3. Leaf blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. 10–25 mm, 5–12 mm wide, length generally > 2 × width, elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear to widely oblanceolate, margin entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ; fruit 7–12 mm wide ..... C. megacarpus var. megacarpus 3' Leaf blade 5–14 mm, 3–10 mm wide, length generally < 2 × width, widely obovate to round, margin entire or teeth ± sharp; fruit 4–6 mm wide ..... C. verrucosus 2' Leaves generally opposite, occasionally clustered 4. Plant mat- to mound-like, generally < 1 m; stems spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. , ± ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. , occasionally arched, rooting at nodes  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. or not 5. Leaf margin generally entire, occasionally ± 3–5-toothed distally 6. Leaf blade 8–20 mm, gray-tomentose abaxially, margin thick or ± rolled under; CCo (nw San Luis Obispo Co.), < 60 m ..... C. maritimus 6' Leaf blade generally 4–12 mm, ± glabrous to strigose  With stiff, straight, sharp, appressed hairs. abaxially, margin not thick, ± not rolled under; KR, n NCoR, n&c SN, > 260 m 7' Leaves ± evenly spaced, generally not clustered, spreading to ascending 8. Plant generally mound-like, generally 0.3–1 m, stems not rooting at nodes; twigs brown to gray-brown ..... C. arcuatus 5' Leaf blade margin 2–35-toothed 9. Leaf blade generally wide-elliptic or -obovate or round, length generally < 2 × width;, margin 5–35-toothed 10. Twigs generally not angled; flowers white to pale blue or blue-lavender 11. Leaf blade 10–20 mm; fruit 6–9 mm wide; horns 1–2 mm, wrinkled; KR (Trinity Mtns), s SNH (Kern Plateau), 1050–2750 m ..... C. pinetorum 11' Leaf blade 4–10 mm; fruit 4–6 mm wide; horns < 1 mm, smooth; CCo, < 400 m ..... C. rigidus (2) 12. Plant < 0.3 m; stems generally spreading; leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blade 23–31 mm, margin 13–35-toothed ..... var. gloriosus 9' Leaf blade generally elliptic to obovate or oblanceolate, length generally > 2 × width; margin 2–11-toothed 13. Leaf blade 2–6 mm wide, margin 0–5-toothed distally 14. Leaves not clustered, spreading, tips generally truncate  Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. , margin generally 2–3-toothed; KR, NCoR ..... C. pumilus 14' Leaves generally clustered, generally erect, tips obtuse  Having a short-tapered, blunt tip or base, the sides convex or straight and converging at more than a right angle. to ± notched, margin 0–5-toothed; n SNF (w El Dorado Co.) ..... C. roderickii (2) 13' Leaf blade 4–16 mm wide, margin generally 2–11-toothed distally 15. Leaf blade generally not ± wavy, generally not ± folded lengthwise; fruit 6–9 mm wide, horns 1–2 mm, thick, wrinkled (slender in Ceanothus prostratus var. occidentalis) ..... C. prostratus 16. Plant mound-like; leaf blade ± folded lengthwise, concave adaxially, teeth 5–9, in distal 1/2; fruit horns spreading ..... var. occidentalis 16' Plant generally mat-like; leaf blade ± not folded lengthwise, not concave adaxially, teeth 3–5(7), in distal 2/3; fruit horns erect ..... var. prostratus 15' Leaf blade generally ± wavy or ± folded; fruit 4–6 mm wide, horns 1.5–2.5 mm, ± slender, smooth 17. Plant mound-like, 0.2–0.5 m, stems spreading to ± ascending, occasionally rooting at nodes ..... C. confusus 17' Plant erect to mound-like, 0.5–1.5 m, stems ascending to ± erect, generally not rooting at nodes ..... C. divergens (2) 4' Plant generally erect, 1–4+ m; stems ascending to erect, occasionally intricately branched, not rooting at nodes 18. Leaf blade ± wavy to ± folded lengthwise, margin teeth spine-like 19' Leaf blade widely elliptic to ± round 20' Leaves generally reflexed  Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. , margin 7–15-toothed 22' Fruit horns bulge-like to lacking; flowers light blue to white, sometimes pink; serpentine substrates ..... C. decornutus 18' Leaf blade generally flat or convex to concave adaxially, margin entire or teeth ± sharp, not spine-like 23' Leaf blade generally glabrous to strigose or puberulent  Minutely hairy. abaxially (sparsely tomentose in Ceanothus crassifolius var. planus, ± tomentose in Ceanothus otayensis), veins generally evident, margin not rolled under (except Ceanothus otayensis) 24. Leaf margin generally entire, or teeth < 5, unevenly distributed 25. Leaf blade 3–7 mm, 1–3 mm wide, narrow-oblanceolate to -obovate; inflorescence generally < 1 cm; flowers generally pale blue, occasionally ± pink ..... C. ophiochilus 25' Leaf blade 5–30 mm, 3–19 mm wide, elliptic, oblanceolate, obovate, or ± round; inflorescence generally 1–2 cm; flowers generally white (pale blue to lavender in some Ceanothus cuneatus) 26. Flower disk dark; fruit 5–12 mm wide 26' Flower disk generally not dark, white to pale blue or lavender; fruit 3–6 mm wide 28. Twigs generally dense-puberulent to short-tomentose, pale gray to ± white; leaf blade short-curly-puberulent abaxially ..... C. pauciflorus (2) 28' Twigs generally glabrous to ± puberulent, generally brown to gray-brown, leaf blade glabrous to ± strigose abaxially ..... C. cuneatus 29. Flower generally white; twigs generally gray-brown; leaf blade tip acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. to ± rounded ..... var. cuneatus 29' Flower generally blue to lavender; twigs generally brown; leaf blade tip truncate to notched 30. Leaves at nodes and in axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. clusters, node Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. leaves widely obovate, clustered leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obovate ..... var. fascicularis 24' Leaf margin generally dentate  Having margins with sharp, relatively coarse teeth pointing outward, not tipward. to ± serrate  Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. , teeth generally 5–35 (occasionally < 5 in Ceanothus pauciflorus), ± evenly distributed, or in distal 1/2, occasionally minute 31. Twigs generally angled, especially distally 31' Twigs generally not angled 33. Leaf blade generally 10–25+ mm 34. Leaf blade dark green, obovate to widely elliptic; fruit 6–9 mm wide, ± wrinkled, horns 1–2 mm; se SnFrB (Santa Clara Co.) ..... C. ferrisiae 34' Leaf blade green to yellow-green, widely elliptic to ± round; fruit 3–5 mm wide, generally smooth or ± 3-bulged distally, horns < 1 mm or 0; e TR, PR ..... C. perplexans 33' Leaf blade generally <= 12 mm (except some Ceanothus pauciflorus 5–20 mm) 35. Leaf blade ± tomentose abaxially, glabrous in age, veins obscure, margin thick or rolled under – s PR (Otay, San Miguel mtns) ..... C. otayensis 35' Leaf blade glabrous to short-strigose or short-curly-puberulent abaxially, occasionally glabrous in age, veins evident, margin generally not rolled under, occasionally thick 36. Flowers generally blue to lavender (white), leaf tip rounded to truncate, margin entire or 5–9-toothed ..... C. rigidus (2) 36' Flowers generally white; leaf tip generally acute to obtuse, margin entire or 3–5-toothed ..... C. pauciflorus (2) 1' Stipules scale-like, thin, deciduous; leaves alternate; inflorescence generally raceme- to panicle-, occasionally ± umbel-like (subg. Ceanothus) 37. Twigs rigid, generally thorn-like 38. Leaf blade shiny green adaxially; twigs green to yellowish-green 38' Leaf blade dull green adaxially; twigs pale gray to gray-green 40. Plant generally < 1.5 m; stems generally spreading; inflorescence 1–4 cm, generally sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. ..... C. cordulatus 40' Plant generally 1.5–4 m; stems ascending to erect; inflorescence 3–15 cm, generally stalked 41. Leaf blade wide-elliptic to -ovate, 20–50+ mm, 10–45 mm wide; fruit coarse-wrinkled when dry ..... C. incanus (2) 41' Leaf blade elliptic to ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. , 12–30 mm, 3–15 mm wide; fruit smooth to ± wrinkled when dry ..... C. leucodermis 37' Twigs flexible, not thorn-like 42. Leaf blade generally 1-ribbed from base 43. Plant mat- to mound-like, generally < 0.5 m; stem spreading to ascending 44' Leaf margin not rolled under; blade glabrous, puberulent, or short-wavy-hairy abaxially, tip acute to ± rounded 45' Petiole 3–11 mm; leaf blade generally not ± wavy, not ± folded lengthwise, puberulent to tomentose abaxially; margin 27–45-toothed 46. Plant generally mat-like, generally < 0.3 m, rooting at nodes; inflorescences on short, erect twigs; twigs green, occasionally tinged red ..... C. diversifolius (2) 46' Plant erect to mound-like, 0.5–1 m, not rooting at nodes; inflorescences not on short, erect twigs; twigs pale green to gray-green ..... C. lemmonii (3) 43' Plant generally erect, occasionally tree-like, > 0.5 m (occasionally mound-like in Ceanothus papillosus); stem ascending to erect 47. Leaf blade margin thick or rolled under 48. Leaf blade widely ovate to ± round, furrowed along veins adaxially, tip acute to obtuse ..... C. impressus 48' Leaf blade ± oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. or narrowly elliptic, not furrowed adaxially, tip truncate to notched 50. Plant generally 0.5–1.5 m; leaf blade 4–16 mm, 2–8 mm wide, not glandular-papillate adaxially, glandular-papillate near margin ..... C. dentatus 50' Plant 1–3.5 m; leaf blade 11–50 mm, 6–15 mm wide, glandular-papillate adaxially and on margin ..... C. papillosus 47' Leaf blade margin generally not thick, generally not rolled under (partly rolled under in Ceanothus parryi) 51. Leaf margin generally gland-toothed, glands generally dark, ± persistent 52. Leaf margin ± rolled under, especially below middle, occasionally minutely glandular; blade cobwebby to loose-tomentose abaxially ..... C. parryi (2) 52' Leaf margin entire or minutely gland-toothed; blade glabrous to puberulent or densely wavy- to curly-hairy abaxially 53. Twigs pale green to gray-green; petiole  Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. 3–6 mm; leaf blade flat ..... C. lemmonii (3) 53' Twigs green to red-green; petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade generally wavy, ± folded lengthwise ..... C. foliosus (2) 54' Leaf blade densely short- or long-wavy-hairy to long-curly-hairy abaxially 51' Leaf margin generally entire (or minutely gland-toothed, glands not dark, not persistent) 56. Plant generally < 1.5 m, stems ± spreading to generally ascending; leaf blade tip obtuse; inflorescence 4–9 cm, raceme- to panicle-like; SNH ..... C. parvifolius (2) 56' Plant generally 1–6 m, occasionally tree-like, stems ascending to erect; leaf blade tip acute to obtuse; inflorescence 4–21 cm, generally panicle-like; not SNH 57. Flowers blue to pale blue; leaf blade generally dark shiny green adaxially – s SCoRO, WTR, PR ..... C. spinosus (2) 57' Flowers white; leaf blade generally dull to light green adaxially, occasionally shiny 58' Leaf blade elliptic to oblong-ovate, ± thick; fruit 6–9 mm wide; n&c SNF, s SCoR, TR, PR ..... C. palmeri 42' Leaf blade generally 3-ribbed from base 59. Leaf margin entire (minutely toothed) 60. Main stem generally ascending to ± spreading; leaf blade 3–12 mm wide, shiny green adaxially ..... C. parvifolius (2) 60' Main stem ascending to erect; leaf blade 10–45 mm wide, dull green adaxially 61. Twigs rigid, pale gray to gray-green; leaf blade abaxially gray-green, strigose; fruit wrinkled ..... C. incanus (2) 59' Leaf margin minutely toothed or serrate, teeth generally gland-tipped 62. Leaf blade generally tomentose abaxially, veins ± obscured by hairs 62' Leaf blade ± glabrous to puberulent or short-wavy-hairy abaxially, veins not obscured by hairs 64. Leaf blade generally 25–80 mm, 13–60 mm wide, generally widely elliptic to ovate 65' Flowers white; fruit 3–4.5 mm wide, brown; mainland 64' Leaf blade generally 5–45 mm, 3–25 mm wide, elliptic, oblong-elliptic, oblanceolate (ovate) 67. Plant mat- to mound-like, generally < 1 m; stems ± ascending to spreading 68' Twigs not angled distally; leaf blade abaxial veins ± not raised 70. Plant generally mat-like, generally < 0.3 m; stem rooting at nodes; twigs green, occasionally tinged red; fruit 4–5 mm wide ..... C. diversifolius (2) 70' Plant ± mound-like, generally > 0.5 m, stem not rooting at nodes; twigs pale green to gray-green; fruit 3–4 mm wide ..... C. lemmonii (3) 67' Plant not mat- to mound-like, generally 1–4 m; stems ascending to erect 71. Twigs generally angled distally, internodes  Segment of an axis (generally a stem) between successive positions (nodes) from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. ridged 72. Leaf blade ± oblong to narrowly elliptic, length generally > 2 × width, cobwebby to loose-tomentose abaxially, glabrous in age ..... C. parryi (2) 72' Leaf blade generally ovate to elliptic, length generally < 2 × width, glabrous to ± densely short-tomentose abaxially 73. Inflorescence 5–30 cm; twigs papillate  Pertaining to a surface (e.g., of a leaf, stigma, fruit) bearing small, rounded or conic protuberances (papillae). ; leaf blade abaxial veins ± not raised ..... C. cyaneus 74' Twigs ± puberulent to tomentose; leaf blade ovate to widely elliptic, margin rolled under 71' Twigs not angled distally, internodes not ridged 76. Leaf blade flat or generally wavy, ± folded lengthwise; petiole 1–3 mm; fruit 3–4 mm wide ..... C. foliosus (2) 78' Flower disk, ovary glabrous; fruit generally smooth or ± ridged to bulged near top
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Upright; vertically oriented.
Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs.