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Key to PolygonumView taxon page for Polygonum
(For a list of species in Polygonum, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Stem 8–16 ribbed; leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). venation pinnate  Feather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc. , abaxial 2° veins obvious; anthers white-yellow (sect. Polygonum) 2. Distal leaves <= distal flowers; inflorescence axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. , terminal 3. Margins of perianth lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. pink (red or white); fruit 1.3–2.3 mm ..... P. argyrocoleon 2' Distal leaves > to >> distal flowers; inflorescence axillary 5' Fruit tip not beaked, edges flat 6. Plant ± succulent; leaf red-tinged, blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. tips rounded; ocrea funnel-shaped  Widening from the base more or less gradually through the throat into an ascending, spreading, or recurved limb; often applied to a fused calyx or corolla. proximally; flowers 1/2-open ..... P. marinense 6' Plant not ± succulent; leaf light-yellow-green to -blue-green, blade tips acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. to acuminate  Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. ; ocrea cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. proximally; flowers closed ..... P. ramosissimum 7. Stem leaves 1–2.5 × branch leaves, blue-green fresh, dark-brown or black dry; pedicels  Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. 1–2 mm ..... subsp. prolificum 8' Perianth tube (15)20–40% of length 9. Ocreae generally ± persistent distally, especially on upper leaves; perianth 0.9–1.3(1.5) × as long as wide, ± pouched at base ..... [subsp. buxiforme]] 9' Ocreae soon disintegrating distally to fibers or completely; perianth 1.5–2.9 × as long as wide, not pouched at base 10. Leaf blade (6)10–20 mm wide, 2–4.5 × as long as wide; flowers 3–8, ± crowded distally; fruit included  Not protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens included in corolla). or ± exserted  Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla). ..... subsp. aviculare 10' Leaf blade 0.5–6.8(8) mm wide, (3.4)4.2–15(19) × as long as wide; flowers 1–3(5), not crowded distally; fruit generally exserted 11. Ocrea (3)4–8 mm, distally disintegrating ± completely, veins obscure; lateral veins of leaves visible but not raised adaxially ..... [subsp. neglectum]] 1' Stem ± angled, ribs 0 or obscure; leaf venation parallel, abaxial 2° veins obscure; anthers pink to purple (orange-pink) (sect. Duravia) 12. Perennial herb to shrub 13' Stem prostrate  Lying flat on the ground. or ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. , not wiry; perianth (4.5)5–10 mm 14. Ocreae 15–20 mm, distally ± persistent; leaf blade midrib coarsely scabrous to ciliate  Having generally straight, conspicuous hairs along margins or edges. abaxially; coastal dunes, scrub ..... P. paronychia 15. Ocrea not jointed to leaf 16. Ocreae entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). or shallowly dentate  Having margins with sharp, relatively coarse teeth pointing outward, not tipward. distally ..... P. bidwelliae 16' Ocreae disintegrating to fibers distally 17. Stem 4–40 cm; plant with branches 0 or widely spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ..... P. californicum 17' Stem 1.5–5(8) cm; plant cushion-like 15' Ocrea jointed to leaf 19. Tips of perianth lobes acute to acuminate; fruit light-yellow or light- or green- to dark-brown, smooth or net-like with longitudinal ridges ..... P. polygaloides 20. Inflorescence bract  Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. margin green, if white then scarious border < 0.2 mm wide 21. Fruit lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. , 2–2.5 mm; inflorescence bracts lance-elliptic, appressed  Parallel or nearly parallel to and often in contact with surface of origin; used to describe the disposition of hairs, leaves, pedicels, etc. , rigid; stamens 5–8 ..... subsp. esotericum (2) 21' Fruit ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. , 1.3–1.7 mm; inflorescence bracts linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to lance-linear, ± spreading, not rigid; stamens 3 ..... subsp. kelloggii 20' Inflorescence bract margin white, scarious border (0.2)0.25–1 mm wide 22. Inflorescence ovate to cylindric, generally distal, rarely also continuous from stem bases; fruit 1.3–2.1 mm, lance-ovate to ovate ..... subsp. confertiflorum 19' Tips of perianth lobes rounded; fruit black, smooth to minute- and/or striate-tubercled 23. Pedicels reflexed  Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. 24' Ocrea 5–12 mm; fruit 3–5 mm 25. Flower closed; pedicel Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. 2–6 mm; perianth tube 20–28% of perianth length ..... P. douglasii 25' Flower open or half-open; pedicel 0.5–1 mm; perianth tube 9–17% of perianth length ..... P. majus 23' Pedicels erect to spreading 26. Ocrea 1–5 mm, distally entire to dentate-torn; perianth 1.8–2.5 mm; fruit 1.8–2.3 mm ..... P. minimum 26' Ocrea 4–12 mm, distally disintegrating to fibers; perianth (2.5)3–5 mm; fruit 2.5–5 mm 28. Stem, ocrea papillate-scabrous; leaf blade elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear to oblong-elliptic, margin papillate-fine-dentate; flowers, or at least some, open ..... subsp. oblivium 28' Stem, ocrea glabrous; leaf blade lance-linear to narrowly oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. or oblanceolate, margin smooth, entire; flowers closed ..... subsp. sawatchense
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