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Key to PolygonaceaeView taxon page for Polygonaceae
Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Ocreae present, persistent or not; nodes  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. generally swollen; flower cluster not subtended by involucre  Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. ; pedicels  Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. all subtended by 2+ fused, membranous, wide bractlets (Polygonoideae) 2. Perianth parts (5)6 (Rumiceae) 3. Flowers unisexual, outer perianth parts of pistillate flower spine-tipped in fruit ..... EMEX 3' Flowers generally bisexual  Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). , outer perianth parts not spine-tipped in fruit ..... RUMEX 4. Perianth parts 4; fruit elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear , 2-winged; leaves ± basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. ..... OXYRIA 4' Perianth parts 4–5; fruit generally ovoid; leaves generally cauline 5' Herb, or if shrub then not vine-like; perianth in fruit generally not fleshy (Polygoneae) 6. Outer perianth parts winged or keeled, or ± so 7. Flower base stalk-like; outer perianth parts winged (keeled in Fallopia convolvulus); leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. base sagittate  Arrowhead-shaped, with two basal lobes oriented nearly parallel to the long axis. , hastate  Arrowhead-shaped, with two basal lobes oriented more or less perpendicularly to the long axis. , cordate  Heart-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and convex. , truncate  Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. , or ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. ; ocrea papery, not 2-lobed distally ..... FALLOPIA 7' Flower base not stalk-like; outer perianth parts keeled; leaf blade base tapered  Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. (ovate); ocrea generally translucent, 2-lobed distally ..... POLYGONUM (2) 6' Outer perianth parts not winged or keeled 8. Leaves generally basal; inflorescence terminal, spike-like; stems not branched ..... BISTORTA 8' Leaves cauline; inflorescence terminal, axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. , spike-like or not; stems generally branched 9. Ocreae generally translucent, glabrous, 2-lobed, fibrous  1. Pertaining to structures that are composed at least in part of more or less thread-like but usually tough elements (e.g., Yucca leaves). 2. Pertaining to a root system composed of many roots similar in length and thickness (e.g., grass roots). in age ..... POLYGONUM (2) 9' Ocreae opaque, glabrous to scabrous, not 2-lobed 10. Inflorescence raceme- or panicle-like; perianth parts fused ± 1/4; stamens 8 ..... ACONOGONON 10' Inflorescence ± head-, spike-, or panicle-like; perianth parts fused 1/4–2/3; stamens 5–8 ..... PERSICARIA 1' Ocreae 0; nodes not swollen; flower clusters subtended by involucre of 1+ free or fused bracts (or not, in Gilmania); pedicels each often subtended by 2 free, transparent, linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. bractlets (Eriogoneae-Eriogonoideae) 11. Involucre bract  Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. 1, inflated, awns  1. Bristle-like appendage or elongation, generally terminal. 2. Stiff, needle-like pappus element in Asteraceae. 0; leaves generally lobed; stamens 6 (Pterostegiinae) ..... PTEROSTEGIA 11' Involucre 0 or tubular or of 2–5 ± free bracts, not inflated, awned or not; leaves entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ; stamens 3–9 (Eriogoninae) 12. Annual to shrub, if annual then involucre tubular, awnless 12' Annual; involucres tubular and awned or of free or basally fused bracts, awned or not, 0 in Gilmania 14. Leaves basal and cauline, opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ..... GOODMANIA 14' Leaves basal or if cauline then alternate  1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. or whorled  Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). 16. Involucres of free or basally fused bracts 18. Perianth lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. leathery; involucre bracts 3, awned ..... LASTARRIAEA 19. Involucre bracts 3(4), awned; plant tomentose  Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. ..... HOLLISTERIA 20. Involucre funnel- to bell-shaped, not angled, not ridged 21. Involucre awns 5(6); perianth lobes 3-lobed to fringed  Having ragged or finely cut margins. ..... SIDOTHECA 21' Involucre awns (3)4(5) or 7–36; perianth lobes generally entire 20' Involucre generally ± cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. , angled or not, ridged or not 23' Bracts 3, alternate, on 1 side of branch or not; flowers (1)2–6 24' Involucre teeth 2–4 or 6, if 5 then awns both at base of involucre and at tips of teeth; flowers (1)2–3 25. Involucre not awned basally 26. Flower hairy; bracts below involucre obvious; involucre teeth unequal ..... MUCRONEA 25' Involucre awned basally
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