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Key to BoraginaceaeView taxon page for Boraginaceae
Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Annual; nutlets 2; calyx lobes 1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. in fruit unequal, upper 2 >> others, partly fused, arched over 1 nutlet, with 5–10 stout spines each with hooked bristles ..... HARPAGONELLA 1' Annual, biennial, perennial Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb, or shrub; nutlets 1–4; calyx lobes in fruit ± equal or, if unequal, upper 2 not arched over 1 nutlet, without spines but with hooked or straight bristles 2. Nutlets spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. 3. Annual; leaves < 5 cm; corolla white; nutlet < 5 mm, generally compressed Flattened side-to-side or front-to-back. , prickles straight or hooked at tip, not barbed Having sharp, normally downward- or backward-pointing projections. Said of an awn, bristle, or other structure. 4. Nutlets radial Divisible into mirror-image halves in three or more ways. , collectively + -shaped, all similar ..... GRUVELIA 4' Nutlets paired, bilateral Divisible into mirror-image halves in only one way. , collectively X -shaped, all similar or some differing from others ..... PECTOCARYA 3' Biennial, perennial herb; leaves > 5 cm; corolla blue to red-purple; nutlet >= 5 mm, ± spheric or disk-shaped, prickles barbed 5. Inflorescence ± among leaves; bracts ± leaf-like; corolla lobes dull red-purple, appendages purple; nutlet disk-shaped, abaxially ± flat, margin raised ..... CYNOGLOSSUM 5' Inflorescence distal to leaves; bracts scale-like or 0; corolla lobes ± blue, appendages white; nutlet ± spheric, abaxially rounded, margin not raised 6. Stem glabrous, ± glaucous; basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blade Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. 3–10 cm wide, abruptly narrowed to petiole Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. ; cauline leaves few, petioled; corolla limb generally 10–15 mm diam ..... ADELINIA 6' Stem spreading-hairy, not glaucous; basal leaf blade 1–4 cm wide, tapered Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. to petiole; cauline leaves ± many, sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. ; corolla limb 4–9 mm diam ..... ANDERSONGLOSSUM 2' Nutlets ± erect Upright; vertically oriented. 7. Corolla rotate Wheel-shaped, spreading, or saucer-shaped; often applied to a fused corolla with a short or nonexistent tube and a spreading limb. ; anthers 5–8 mm, closely appressed Parallel or nearly parallel to and often in contact with surface of origin; used to describe the disposition of hairs, leaves, pedicels, etc. to style, separating in age ..... BORAGO 7' Corolla rotate, salverform Having a slender tube and an abruptly spreading, flat limb; often applied to a fused corolla. , funnel-shaped Widening from the base more or less gradually through the throat into an ascending, spreading, or recurved limb; often applied to a fused calyx or corolla. , bell-shaped, urn-shaped Widening more or less abruptly at the base and then gradually or abruptly narrowed toward the tip. , or ± cylindric Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. ; anthers < 5 mm, generally not closely appressed to style 8. Flowers 1 or 2 per leaf axil Distal, adaxial angle between an appendage or branch and a main axis (e.g., between leaf and stem, or between lateral vein and midrib on a leaf). ; calyx lobes with 1 or 2 teeth in fruit ..... ASPERUGO 8' Flowers 1 per distal leaf axil or in 1–many dense to elongate cymes 1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the central or uppermost flower opens before the peripheral or lowermost flowers on any axis. see 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a cyme-like inflorescence is one in which the central or uppermost inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, develop and mature before the peripheral or lowermost inflorescence units on any axis. , variously arranged; calyx lobes without teeth in fruit 9. Nutlet scar Mark left by the natural separation of two structures, as a leaf scar on a stem. ± flat to strong-convex, with thick rim 10. Corolla funnel-shaped to salverform, pale blue to violet, throat ± expanded distal to tube or tube and throat not differentiated; appendages ovate Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. to oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. , generally distal to anthers ..... ANCHUSA 10' Corolla bell- to ± urn-shaped, red to purple, occasionally white, throat expanded distal to tube; appendages lance-linear to lanceolate Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. , at same level as anthers ..... SYMPHYTUM 9' Nutlet scar flat, curved, grooved, or concave, without thick rim or with rim in some Plagiobothrys spp., then scar sunken, concave 11. Receptacle ± flat; nutlet scar generally basal (except Mertensia, with pink to blue corollas, nutlet barbed prickles 0) 12' Annual, biennial, perennial herb 13. Corolla white to yellow 13' Corolla generally blue to purple (white to yellow) 16. Corolla often ± cylindric or bell-shaped, blue, generally pink in bud 1. An incompletely developed, more or less embryonic shoot, usually covered with bud scales. 2. An unopened flower, often protected by sepals. ..... MERTENSIA 16' Corolla salverform or wide-funnel-shaped, generally blue, white, or yellow ..... MYOSOTIS 11' Receptacle ± conic or elongate; nutlet scar generally lateral, less commonly basal 17. Nutlet with barbed prickles 18' Nutlet prickles both marginal and abaxial 19. Perennial herb (biennial); pedicel Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. recurved Gradually curved downward or backward. to reflexed Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. in fruit ..... HACKELIA 17' Nutlet margin prickles 0 or not barbed 20. Nutlets without adaxial groove, generally with adaxial ridge distal to attachment scar 21' Corolla tube and limb white to cream; cotyledons not lobed 22. Cymes clustered; nutlet attachment scars Mark left by the natural separation of two structures, as a leaf scar on a stem. distal to mid-nutlet ..... SONNEA 22' Cymes generally elongate (clustered in Amsinckiopsis); nutlet attachment scars proximal to mid-nutlet 23' Plants coarsely hairy to sharp-bristly; c&s SNH, GB, D 24. Cyme branches more or less clustered; corolla limbs 4–7 mm wide; nutlet abaxial surfaces irregularly sculptured, tubercled, and/or papillate Pertaining to a surface (e.g., of a leaf, stigma, fruit) bearing small, rounded or conic protuberances (papillae). ..... AMSINCKIOPSIS 24' Cyme branches elongate; corolla limbs 1–3 mm wide; nutlet abaxial surfaces with cobblestone-like pattern ..... SIMPSONANTHUS 20' Nutlets with adaxial groove extending to tip or nearly so; attachment scars generally recessed or depressed Flattened from above and below, or with the center lower than the margins. 25. Annual, generally wider than tall, often rounded to cushion-like; taproot red or purple when dry, often staining herbarium paper; flower bracts present 26. Sepals free to base, intact in fruit; receptacle > nutlet, indistinct from style ..... EREMOCARYA 26' Sepals fused proximally, tubular, circumscissile Dehiscence, usually of a fruit (capsule), by a transverse line, the top coming off as a lid. in fruit; receptacle < nutlet, distinct from style ..... GREENEOCHARIS 25' Annual, biennial, or perennial, generally taller than wide, rarely rounded to cushion-like; taproot generally not red or purple when dry; flower bracts 0 (present) 27. Biennial or long-lived perennial herb; leaves basal or tufted; nutlets smooth, irregularly sculptured, or tubercled, tip broadly rounded to obtuse Having a short-tapered, blunt tip or base, the sides convex or straight and converging at more than a right angle. , adaxial groove tip well below nutlet tip ..... OREOCARYA 27' Annual (sometimes woody at base, appearing perennial); leaves generally cauline (basal); nutlets smooth, papillate and/or tubercled, tip narrowly acute Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. to long-tapering, adaxial groove extending almost to nutlet tip 28' Corolla tube and limb white; cotyledons not lobed 29. Nutlets 1–4, mostly similar in size and sculpturing, if dissimilar single different nutlet positioned toward inflorescence axis, if similar nutlet margins rounded to sharp-angled and winged, wings lobed; nutlet surfaces smooth or papillate and/or tubercled, if tubercled, tubercles generally not whitish ..... CRYPTANTHA 29' Nutlets 4, mostly dissimilar in size and/or sculpturing, if dissimilar single different nutlet positioned away from inflorescence axis, if similar nutlet margins sharp-angled, narrow-rimmed or narrowly winged, wings not lobed; surfaces of at least some nutlets densely or sparsely tubercled, tubercles generally whitish ..... JOHNSTONELLA
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