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Key to CirsiumView taxon page for Cirsium
(For a list of species in Cirsium, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Adaxial leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). face with slender appressed  Parallel or nearly parallel to and often in contact with surface of origin; used to describe the disposition of hairs, leaves, pedicels, etc. bristle-like prickles ..... C. vulgare 1' Adaxial leaf face without prickles 2' Plants with bisexual  Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). flowers 3. Corolla lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. 1–2+ × tube 4. Corolla pink-purple to red-purple, red-pink, or red; heads generally erect  Upright; vertically oriented. ; leaf adaxially tomentose  Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. (occasionally ± glabrous in age) ..... C. arizonicum 4' Corolla white to pink or lavender; heads generally nodding; leaf adaxially densely velvety, with short, erect, jointed hairs, also cobwebby – serpentine wetlands; SnFrB, SCoRO ..... C. fontinale 6' Fruit 3.4–4.1 mm; phyllary spines generally 2–6 mm 8. Abaxial face of outer and middle phyllaries with long, sticky-resinous ridge (milky when fresh, dark when dry, occasionally very narrow), occasionally poorly developed or 0 in Cirsium mohavense 10. Heads generally 2.5–3 cm; fruit ± 5 mm, oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. , tapered  Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. near base; tidal marshes; deltaic GV (Suisun Marsh, Solano Co.) ..... var. hydrophilum 10' Heads generally 3–3.5 cm; fruit 4–5 mm, oblong or elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear ; serpentine springs; n SnFrB (Mount Tamalpais, Marin Co.) ..... var. vaseyi 9' Margins of phyllaries entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). 11. Stem evidently coarse-hairy with multicellular hairs, also cobwebby to densely tomentose with long, fine hairs; cauline leaves generally ± clasping, with expanded basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. lobes; leaf veins generally prominently raised abaxially ..... C. cymosum 12. Larger heads 15–25 mm diam; outer phyllaries generally << inner, sticky-resinous ridge prominent, well developed, appearing dark brown on dry specimens ..... var. canovirens 12' Larger heads 20–35 mm diam; outer phyllaries long, often nearly = inner, sticky-resinous ridge weakly developed ..... var. cymosum (2) 11' Stem with few or 0 coarse, multicellular hairs, thinly to densely cobwebby or tomentose with long fine hairs; cauline leaves generally not clasping with expanded basal lobes; leaf veins generally not prominently raised abaxially 14. Mid and distal leaves not or scarcely decurrent  Pertaining to a wing-like or ridge-like extension basal to the apparent or actual point of attachment, particularly a leaf base that appears to continue onto the stem. ..... C. undulatum 14' Mid and distal leaves evidently decurrent as spiny wings to 5 cm 13' Involucre 1.5–2.5(3) cm 16' Rosette arising from taproot or woody caudex  Generally short, sometimes woody, more or less vertical stem of a perennial, at or beneath ground level. ; leaf adaxially gray-tomentose or becoming ± green 17. Phyllaries ± loosely appressed, generally ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. to spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. above appressed base 18' Phyllary tip-spine generally 3–10 mm 19. Involucre, including phyllary tips generally ovoid to ± spheric; tip-spines of phyllaries generally 3–7 mm; outer phyllaries generally spreading or ascending – SNH, GB ..... C. inamoenum var. inamoenum (2) 19' Involucre, including phyllary tips often wider than long; tip-spines of phyllaries generally 5–10 mm; outer phyllaries often reflexed  Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. ..... C. neomexicanum (2) 17' Phyllaries tightly appressed, only tip-spines spreading 20. Corolla ± white to pink or pale lavender; involucre  Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. pale green or straw-colored 21. Distal leaves generally conspicuously decurrent as spiny wings; wet soils, streams, springs; SNE, DMoj ..... C. mohavense 20' Corolla generally ± dark rose-purple (white); involucre generally dark green or ± purple – n CA-FP, MP ..... C. douglasii 8' Abaxial face of outer and middle phyllaries without sticky-resinous ridge 23. Margins of outer phyllaries irregularly toothed to spiny-ciliate 24' Leaves adaxially green and glabrous to ± gray-hairy with multicellular hairs and/or finely cobwebby, abaxially sometimes densely gray- or white-tomentose 25' Corolla 17–28 mm, white or cream to purple 26. Heads generally not closely subtended by well-developed distal leaves or clustered leafy bracts; phyllary tips flattened, generally ascending, connected side-to-side by cobwebby hairs or not 27. Plant stout, generally 10–30 dm; stem 2–10 cm diam near base, evidently hollow; middle and inner phyllaries entire – SnJV ..... C. crassicaule 27' Plant slender, generally 1–11 dm; stems generally < 2 cm diam near base; middle and inner phyllaries irregularly toothed or spiny-ciliate ..... C. remotifolium 28' Phyllary margins ciliate  Having generally straight, conspicuous hairs along margins or edges. with minute spreading to recurved  Gradually curved downward or backward. spines ..... var. rivulare 26' Heads generally closely subtended by ± well-developed distal leaves or clustered bract-like leaves; phyllary tips needle-like, ascending to radially spreading, connected side-to-side by long, cobwebby, or stouter, multicellular hairs 29. Corolla lobes linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. , tips not knob-like; style conspicuously exserted  Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla). ; stem cobwebby, ± glabrous in age, coarser, multicellular hairs 0 ..... C. andrewsii 29' Corolla lobes thread-like, tips knob-like; style included  Not protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens included in corolla). or exserted 1–2 mm; stem evidently hairy with ± coarse multicellular hairs, often cobwebby to densely tomentose with long, fine hairs ..... C. brevistylum (2) 23' Margins of outer phyllaries ± entire 30. Outer and middle phyllaries lance-linear to ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. , appressed; tip-spines 1–12 mm, generally ascending to erect 31' Plant generally ± compact, stemless or low-growing and branched ± throughout (if erect, generally distally unbranched) 32' Biennial or perennial  Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb that flowers once, then dies, taprooted; generally from moist sites; widespread ..... C. scariosum 33' Corolla white or faintly pink- or lilac-tinged 34' Abaxial leaf face generally ± glabrous (occasionally tomentose in Cirsium scariosum var. citrinum) 35. Plant generally stemless, or stemless and occasionally short-stemmed individuals in population 35' Plant generally with evident branched or unbranched stem, or occasional stemless individuals present in population 37. Stem generally erect, proximally unbranched; heads generally ± tightly clustered at stem tip; corolla 20–28 mm ..... var. scariosum 37' Stem generally branched proximally or throughout, plant often growing as low, rounded mound; most heads on short to ± long lateral branches; corolla 26–36 mm 38. Inner phyllary tips generally expanded as scarious, irregularly toothed appendage – KR, nw MP ..... var. robustum 38' Inner phyllary tips acuminate  Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. , entire or rarely toothed 30' Outer and middle phyllaries with short-appressed bases and lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. to linear or needle-like, ascending to stiffly spreading tips; tip-spines generally 1–35 mm 40. Outer phyllaries ± equal, narrowly lanceolate, rigidly spreading, tip-spines 5–10 mm; middle and inner phyllaries ± graduated, bodies appressed, tips spreading, spineless – s SnFrB (Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co.) ..... C. praeteriens 40' Outer and middle phyllaries ± equal or graduated, tips ascending to spreading, needle-like to linear or lanceolate; middle phyllaries spine-tipped 41. Phyllary tips conspicuously connected side-to-side by network of cobwebby or multicellular hairs 42. Corolla lobes thread-like, tips knob-like; style included or exserted 1–2 mm; stem ± hairy, hairs coarse, jointed, generally also cobwebby to densely tomentose with long, fine hairs ..... C. brevistylum (2) 42' Corolla lobes linear, tips not knob-like; style conspicuously exserted; stem cobwebby to densely tomentose, hairs long, fine ..... C. occidentale (2) 43. Plant compact, low-growing, stemless or proximally branched, rounded, mound-like; heads generally not much elevated above leaves – CCo ..... var. compactum 43' Plant erect, main stem generally 1, proximally unbranched; heads generally elevated above leaves 44. Phyllary tips ± equal, all needle-like, 13–30 mm; corolla light purple to rich red-purple or red ..... var. coulteri 44' Phyllary tips ± graduated, outer generally < middle and inner, ± needle-like to lanceolate, 5–15 mm; corolla lavender to bright purple ..... var. occidentale 41' Phyllary tips glabrous or hairy to densely tomentose but generally not conspicuously connected side-to-side by network of cobwebby or multicellular hairs 45. Corolla red to ± red-pink or bright rose-purple 46. Perennial herb, rosettes A radiating cluster of leaves generally at or near ground level. from runner roots; corolla throat ± abruptly narrowed to tube; corolla ± bright rose-purple ..... C. andersonii (2) 46' Biennial; corolla throat gradually narrowed to tube, without a clear external separation between tube and throat ..... C. occidentale (2) 47. Plant densely white-tomentose; phyllaries persistently white-tomentose (except tip-spines); outer phyllaries generally very long, spreading or reflexed ..... var. candidissimum 47' Plant variably tomentose, occasionally ± glabrous in age; phyllaries glabrous to ± loosely tomentose, occasionally some loosely cobwebby hairs extending between adjacent phyllary tips; outer phyllaries short to long, erect to spreading or reflexed 48. Corolla 20–24 mm, red or dark red-purple; s SCoRO (s Santa Lucia Range, San Luis Obispo Co.) ..... var. lucianum 45' Corolla white or cream to lavender, purple, or pale rose 49' Inner phyllaries entire 50' Base of cauline leaves generally not clasping with expanded basal lobes; leaf veins not prominently raised abaxially 51' Phyllary tip-spine generally 3–10 mm 52. Involucre, including phyllary tips generally ovoid to ± spheric; tip-spines of phyllaries (2)3–6 mm; outer phyllaries generally spreading or ascending – SNH, GB ..... C. inamoenum var. inamoenum (2) 52' Involucre, including phyllary tips often wider than long; tip-spines of phyllaries generally 5–10 mm; outer phyllaries often reflexed ..... C. neomexicanum (2)
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Having ragged or finely cut margins.