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Key to PinaceaeView taxon page for Pinaceae
Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Leaves in bundles of (1)2–5 (generally 1 in Pinus monophylla, but then ± round in section, vs leaves ± flat under 1'), generally 2.5–35 cm, base in scaly sheath  A surrounding or partially surrounding, often tubular structure or part of a structure, such as a leaf base in Apiaceae or Poaceae. ; seed cone bract  Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. fused to scale  1. Wide, appressed, membranous, epidermal outgrowth (e.g., Cheilanthes covillei) 2. Structure partially or entirely covering an over-wintering bud (bud scale) (e.g., Salix goodingii bud). 3. In gymnosperms, a woody, seed-bearing structure attached to the cone axis (cone scale) (e.g., Abies magnifica). 4. In Asteraceae, a flat, membranous pappus element (e.g., Hymenoxys hoopesii). Leaves or bracts may be scale-like in one or more of the preceding ways. at least basally, included  Not protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens included in corolla). , inconspicuous ..... PINUS 1' Leaves not in bundles, 0.5–9 cm, base not in scaly sheath; seed cone bract generally ± free from scale (± fused in Abies), exserted  Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla). or included, conspicuous 2. Twig without persistent, peg-like leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). bases; seed cone erect  Upright; vertically oriented. , scales, bracts deciduous, axis persistent on stem, ultimately falling ..... ABIES 2' Twig with or without persistent, peg-like leaf bases; seed cone pendent, scales, bracts, axis persistent on stem, ultimately falling as unit 3. Twig without persistent, peg-like leaf bases; seed cone 4–20 cm, bracts exserted, 3-toothed or -lobed ..... PSEUDOTSUGA 3' Twig with persistent, peg-like leaf bases; seed cone 1.2–12 cm, bracts included, entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). or fringed  Having ragged or finely cut margins. 4. Leaf tip blunt to acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. , persistent base spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. , peg-like; seed cone 5–12 cm ..... PICEA 4' Leaf tip generally blunt, persistent base ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. , wedge or scale-like; seed cone 1.2–7.5 cm ..... TSUGA
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