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Key to PenstemonView taxon page for Penstemon
(For a list of species in Penstemon, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. Key to Groups
1. Anther sacs not dehiscing full length (opening only partly) 2. Anther sacs dehiscing at distal end (proximal portion indehiscent) (subg. Habroanthus) ..... Group 1 2' Anther sacs dehiscing at proximal end (leaving distal portion indehiscent) (subg. Saccanthera) ..... Group 2 1' Anther sacs dehiscing full length, valves generally spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. widely apart
1. Corolla blue or blue-violet, tube ± abruptly expanded into throat, 6–13 mm wide at widest point 2. Calyx 3–4(5) mm; corolla throat 6–8 mm wide when pressed, floor hairy; anther sacs 1.6–2.2 mm ..... P. pahutensis 2' Calyx (4)6–13 mm; corolla throat 7–13 mm wide when pressed, floor glabrous; anther sacs 1.8–3 mm ..... P. speciosus 1' Corolla (orange-)red (yellow), tube gradually expanding into throat, 4–9 mm wide at widest point 3. Corolla 30–40 mm, distinctly 2-lipped, upper lip projecting, hood-like, lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. short, lower lip reflexed  Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. , lobes longer ..... P. labrosus 3' Corolla 24–33 mm, nearly radial  Divisible into mirror-image halves in three or more ways. , lobes ± equal, projecting ..... P. eatonii
1. Corolla red to orange, lips long, lower lip strongly reflexed Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. ..... P. rostriflorus 1' Corolla lavender, ± blue, or ± purple, lips short, lower lip projecting or spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. , not reflexed 2. Leaves sharply serrate  Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. ; filaments white-hairy distally; corolla lobes 1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. finely ciliate  Having generally straight, conspicuous hairs along margins or edges. ..... P. venustus 2' Leaves ± entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). (weakly serrate in Penstemon parvulus, Penstemon purpusii); filaments glabrous distally; corolla lobes not finely ciliate 3. Staminode hairy; anthers glabrous on inner margins 4' Corolla 24–34 mm; leaves hairy; anther sacs 1.4–1.9 mm 5' Leaves generally basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. ; anther sacs 1.4–1.7 mm, dehiscing for ± 1/2 length ..... P. scapoides 3' Staminode glabrous; anthers hairy on inner margins near filament attachment 6' Leaves well-distributed on stems; corolla floor glabrous 7' Herbage glabrous to short-hairy; plant generally > 2 dm 8. Inflorescence glandular; peduncles  Stalk of an individual flower borne singly, not in an inflorescence, or of an entire inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit; the stalk subtending an involucre (e.g., in Asteraceae, Polygonaceae). widely spreading 9. Corolla 13–22 mm; anther sacs 1.2–2.2 mm, dehiscing for 2/5–3/5 length 10' Leaves linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to (ob)lanceolate, 2–9 mm wide; anther sacs 1.5–2.2 mm ..... P. roezlii 9' Corolla 21–38 mm; anther sacs 1.7–3.2 mm, dehiscing for 3/5–4/5 length 12. Calyx 8–14 mm, lobes narrowly lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. ..... var. leptosepalus 12' Calyx 4.7–9 mm, lobes generally lanceolate to ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. 13. Corolla throat open, lips ± spreading; anther sacs dehiscing for 3/5–2/3 length ..... var. laetus 8' Inflorescence ± glabrous; peduncles appressed-ascending 14. Distal leaves widest at base, generally cordate-clasping; herbage generally glabrous, glaucous 16' Calyx 3–6.5 mm, lobes (ob)lanceolate to round, pointed tip 0.2–1.5 mm; leaves lanceolate, 1–6.5 cm, 5–17 mm wide ..... var. azureus 14' Distal leaves tapered  Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. to base; herbage glabrous or hairy, rarely glaucous ..... P. heterophyllus 17. Leaves narrowly (ob)lanceolate, 2–7.5 mm wide, rarely with axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). clusters ..... var. purdyi 17' Leaves linear to narrowly (ob)lanceolate, 0.5–5 mm wide, generally with axillary leaf clusters
1. Flower stem generally < 1.2 dm 2' Corolla rose, lavender, or violet; staminode glabrous to sparsely hairy; leaves glaucous, generally puberulent  Minutely hairy. ..... P. rupicola 3. Corolla 27–35 mm, throat well-expanded, 7.5–12 mm wide when pressed, floor long-curly-hairy; stamens included  Not protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens included in corolla). ..... var. berryi 3' Corolla 20–30 mm, throat moderately expanded, 4.7–7.5 mm wide when pressed, floor short-hairy; stamens, at least longer pair, exserted  Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla). 4. Corolla rose-red; leaves of flower stem << basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. leaves ..... var. newberryi
2. Herbage glandular-hairy; corolla lobes 1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. glandular-hairy inside 3. Herbage densely glandular-hairy; flower stem erect  Upright; vertically oriented. , generally 4–7 dm, stout ..... P. sudans 3' Herbage sparsely glandular-hairy; flower stem generally decumbent  lying mostly flat on the ground but with tips curving up. at base, generally < 4 dm ..... P. deustus 4' Corolla 9–15 mm, upper lip ± brown; leaves 3–28 mm wide 5. Leaves lanceolate Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. , 2.5–8(14) mm wide; calyx 2.5–5 mm, lobes lanceolate, acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. ; corolla 10–12(15) mm ..... var. pedicellatus 5' Leaves ovate Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. to ± round, 7–28 mm wide; calyx 3.5–6.5 mm, lobes narrowly lanceolate, sharply acute or long-tapered; corolla 9–11 mm ..... var. suffrutescens 2' Herbage nonglandular-hairy (distal stem, inflorescence occasionally also glandular); corolla lobes glabrous inside or corolla floor nonglandular-hairy 6. Inflorescence glabrous; calyx 1–4.5 mm; corolla 6–10 mm 7. Leaves generally all cauline, ± linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. , folded lengthwise, arching-recurved ..... P. cinicola (2) 7' Leaves best developed on basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. sterile stems, these (ob)lanceolate to obovate, cauline leaves ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. (folded lengthwise), not arching-recurved (see 29 for varieties) ..... P. procerus (2) 6' Inflorescence hairy, generally glandular; calyx 3–13 mm; corolla 10–30 mm 9. Basal leaves (15)20–75 mm, (2)4–32 mm wide, petioled, cauline leaves sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. ..... P. humilis var. humilis 9' Leaves similar throughout, 5–20 mm, 0.8–6 mm wide, petioled 10. Plant spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. to ascending, not mat-forming; stem 1–3 dm; calyx lobes ovate ..... P. californicus 11. Corolla gradually expanded into throat, throat 4–6 mm wide when pressed; staminode ± included Not protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens included in corolla). , not coiled at tip 11' Corolla abruptly and widely expanded into throat, throat 7–12 mm wide (4–5 mm in Penstemon barnebyi) when pressed; staminode exserted Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla). , coiled at tip 1' Herbage (proximal to inflorescence) glabrous 14. Inflorescence glabrous; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). margin generally entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). (serrate) 16. Anther sacs 0.6–1.2 mm; corolla floor glabrous 17. Corolla generally 13–20 mm, moderately expanded, lavender, magenta, or violet ..... P. patens (2) 17' Corolla 17–30 mm, cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. or narrowly funnel-shaped  Widening from the base more or less gradually through the throat into an ascending, spreading, or recurved limb; often applied to a fused calyx or corolla. , pink to red (± purple) 16' Anther sacs 1.2–2.4 mm; corolla floor glabrous or hairy 19. Distal leaf pairs fused around stem, sharply serrate Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. 19' Leaf pairs free (or barely fused in some hybrids), entire or weakly serrate 21. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, 10–35 mm wide; staminode included, glabrous – common hybrid ..... (see Penstemon centranthifolius description) 22. Corolla 22–24 mm, throat 8–10 mm wide when pressed, glandular outside; calyx lobes ovate, generally 5–7.5 mm ..... var. amargosae 22' Corolla 24–28 mm, throat 10–14 mm wide when pressed, glabrous outside; calyx lobes widely ovate to ± round, generally 4.5–6 mm ..... var. fruticiformis 23. Openly branched shrub; leaves narrowly linear, generally rolled upward, generally < 1.4 mm wide ..... P. thurberi 23' Perennial herb, flowering stems generally little-branched; leaves generally lanceolate to oblanceolate to ovate (± linear in Penstemon cinicola), flat to folded, 1–22 mm wide 24' Leaves ± thin; anther sacs 0.3–1 mm; corolla floor hairy 25. Corolla 9–17 mm (if < 10 mm anther sacs 0.5–0.8 mm) 26. Plant 8–12 cm; distal cauline leaves ovate to ± round, 10–20 mm; anther sacs ± 0.4 mm; calyx 2.5–3 mm ..... P. tracyi 26' Plant 15–60 cm; distal cauline leaves (ob)lanceolate, 15–70 mm; anther sacs 0.5–1 mm; calyx 3–5 mm 25' Corolla 6–10 mm; anther sacs 0.3–0.5 mm 28. Leaves generally all cauline, ± linear, folded lengthwise and arching-recurved ..... P. cinicola (2) 28' Leaves best developed on basal, sterile stems, (ob)lanceolate to obovate, cauline leaves ascending, not arching-recurved ..... P. procerus (2) 14' Inflorescence generally glandular or glandular-hairy (except occasionally Penstemon stephensii inflorescence glabrous); leaf margin ± serrate or dentate  Having margins with sharp, relatively coarse teeth pointing outward, not tipward. (except Penstemon heterodoxus, Penstemon incertus, occasionally Penstemon clevelandii) 30. Distal leaf pairs fused around stem 31. Anther sacs 0.8–1.3 mm, valves spreading flat – desert areas 32' Corolla generally < 20 mm, throat 4–6 mm wide when pressed, lower lip lacking prominent guide-lines; anther sacs 0.8–1.1 mm ..... P. stephensii 31' Anther sacs 1.3–2.4 mm, valves hardly spreading (except Penstemon bicolor) 33' Corolla 24–34 mm; anther sacs 1.8–2.4 mm 30' Leaves free, not fused around stem 36. Leaves ± serrate, distal cordate-clasping; upper side of corolla abruptly expanded ..... P. anguineus 36' Leaves entire, distal not cordate-clasping; upper side of corolla cylindric to moderately expanded ..... P. heterodoxus 37' Plant generally > 20 cm; inflorescence generally of 2–6 flower clusters 40. Calyx lobes ovate, obtuse  Having a short-tapered, blunt tip or base, the sides convex or straight and converging at more than a right angle. or rounded at tip, calyx 6–7 mm ..... var. kleei 39' Leaves thick; corolla gradually expanded or lower side ± abruptly expanded; calyx 3–8.5 mm 41' Leaves lanceolate to widely ovate, 10–60 mm wide 42. Corolla gradually expanded, throat 4.5–9 mm wide when pressed 43. Corolla 24–30 mm; anther sacs 1.2–1.6 mm; main upper leaves 45–90 mm – common hybrid ..... (see Penstemon centranthifolius description) 42' Corolla abruptly expanded (except Penstemon floridus var. austinii), throat 6–20 mm wide when pressed 46. Corolla 21–27 mm, throat 6–11 mm wide when pressed, mouth perpendicular to tube, tube 6–8 mm ..... var. austinii 46' Corolla 24–30 mm, ± abruptly expanded to throat, 10–16 mm wide when pressed, mouth oblique  Having unequal sides or an asymmetric base. to tube, tube 7–12 mm ..... var. floridus 47. Plant 10–60 cm; young branches light green; corolla 22–30 mm, ± white, tinged pink or lavender ..... var. grinnellii
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