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Key to EriogonumView taxon page for Eriogonum
(For a list of species in Eriogonum, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. Key to Groups
1. Annual (except Eriogonum inflatum, perennial  Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb, keyed in Group 2 when flowering 1st year) 2. Involucres angled to strongly ribbed, sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. and strongly appressed  Parallel or nearly parallel to and often in contact with surface of origin; used to describe the disposition of hairs, leaves, pedicels, etc. or at tips of short bracted branchlets (or peduncled) (subg. Oregonium) ..... Group 1 2' Involucres smooth, not ribbed or angled, generally peduncled, if sessile then not appressed (subg. Ganysma) ..... Group 2 1' Perennial herb to shrub 3. Flower stipe present, sometimes weakly so, not winged; inflorescence bracts 2–13+ (subg. Oligogonum) ..... Group 3 3' Flower stipe 0 or ± winged; inflorescence bracts generally 3 (mainly subg. Eucycla) ..... Group 4
Group 1: Annual; involucres angled to strongly ribbed, sessile and strongly appressed or at tips of short bracted branchlets (or peduncled) (subg. Oregonium)
1. Involucres at tips of slender branchlets, not appressed Parallel or nearly parallel to and often in contact with surface of origin; used to describe the disposition of hairs, leaves, pedicels, etc. ; peduncles  Stalk of an individual flower borne singly, not in an inflorescence, or of an entire inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit; the stalk subtending an involucre (e.g., in Asteraceae, Polygonaceae). present or 0 2. Flowers 0.7–1.5 mm, yellow or cream; n SNE, w DMoj 2' Flowers 1–2.5(3) mm, yellow or white to pink, rose, or red 4. Stem glabrous; involucres sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. 5. Basal leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blades oblong-ovate; involucres 3–4 mm, 5-toothed; c NCoRI, n CCo, n SnFrB ..... E. luteolum var. caninum 5' Basal leaf blades generally round to reniform  Kidney-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and concave. ; involucres 2–4 mm, 5–8-toothed; c&s CW, WTR 6. Involucres 2–2.5 mm, 5-toothed; flowers 2–2.5(3) mm, minutely puberulent  Minutely hairy. , white to rose or yellow in fruit; c&s CW, WTR ..... E. covilleanum 6' Involucres 3–4 mm, 6–8-toothed; flowers 1–2 mm, glabrous, white to rose; n SCoR ..... E. nortonii 4' Stem tomentose  Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. , if glabrous then involucres peduncled at lower nodes  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. 7' Involucres tomentose; ScV, ne SnFrB, ne&s SCoRI 8. Leaves basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. , blades ± round; styles 0.1–0.3 mm; s SCoRI ..... E. eastwoodianum 8' Leaves basal or basal and cauline, ± round or narrowly oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. to ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. ; styles 0.2–1 mm; ne SnFrB, SCoRI 9' Involucres (1.5)1.8–2.5 mm; styles 0.2–1 mm; SCoRI 10' Flowers papillate  Pertaining to a surface (e.g., of a leaf, stigma, fruit) bearing small, rounded or conic protuberances (papillae). ; involucres (1.5)1.8–2 mm; leaves basal and cauline; ne SCoRI ..... E. vestitum 1' Involucres not at tips of slender branchlets, generally appressed; peduncles 0 11' Flowers glabrous or sparsely glandular, white, cream, yellow, rose, or red 12. Involucres 1–2 mm, if 2 mm then outer perianth lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. fan-shaped or ± hastate  Arrowhead-shaped, with two basal lobes oriented more or less perpendicularly to the long axis. (except oblong to oblong-ovate in Eriogonum baileyi) 13. Stems glabrous, if tomentose then flowers glandular and plant of e SN, GB; outer perianth lobes oblong to oblong-obovate 14' Flowers white to rose, 1–2 mm; SNF, Teh, SnFrB, SCoR, TR, GB, w DMoj 15. Flowers 1–1.5 mm, glabrous or puberulent; stem, inflorescence glabrous – SnFrB, SCoR, WTR ..... E. elegans 15' Flowers 1.5–3 mm, generally minutely glandular, occasionally glabrous in SNF; stem, inflorescence glabrous or tomentose ..... E. baileyi 13' Stems tomentose to sparsely so; outer perianth lobes narrowly to widely fan-shaped or ± hastate 17. Outer perianth lobes ± hastate in fruit; flowers 0.8–1.2 mm; involucres bell-shaped, 1–2 mm; SnBr, PR ..... E. evanidum 17' Outer perianth lobes fan-shaped; flowers 1–3.5 mm; involucres bell-shaped to obconic, 1–2.5 mm; GB, D 18. Leaves cauline; leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate to widely elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear ; plant narrowly erect  Upright; vertically oriented. ; flowers white to pink or red; se DMoj ..... [E. polycladon] 18' Leaves basal; leaf blades ± round to cordate  Heart-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and convex. ; plant generally spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ; flowers white to pink or pale yellow to yellow; GB, D 19. Flowers pale yellow or yellow to red; outer perianth lobes widely fan-shaped; inflorescence generally densely branched, branches incurved; fruit 1–1.3 mm; GB, D ..... E. nidularium 19' Flowers white to pink or pale yellow, outer perianth lobes narrowly fan-shaped; inflorescence generally sparsely branched, branches not incurved; fruit 1.5–1.8 mm; SNE, D ..... E. palmerianum 12' Involucres (1.8)2–5(7) mm; outer perianth lobes not fan-shaped or hastate (see also Eriogonum baileyi at 12.) 20. Leaf blades oblong-obovate to oblanceolate or oblong (basal occasionally ± rounded in E. cithariforme) 21. Involucres (3.5)4–5 mm; outer perianth lobes narrowly obovate to oblong; fruit 1.8–2(2.2) mm; NW, SN, ScV (e edge), SnJV, CW, TR ..... E. roseum 21' Involucres (1.8)2–3 mm; outer perianth lobes lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. to oblong or oblong-obovate; fruit 1–2 mm; CA-FP 22. Inflorescence branches upcurved; basal leaf blades oblanceolate or elliptic to ovate or ± rounded, (0.3)1–2 cm; petiole  Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. generally winged; involucres 2.5–3 mm; flowers 1.5–2 mm, white to rose; SCoR, TR ..... E. cithariforme 22' Inflorescence branches straight; basal leaf blades oblanceolate to oblong, (0.8)1–4(6) cm; petiole not winged; involucres (1.8)2–3 mm; flowers 1.5–3 mm, white to pink or yellow; CA-FP ..... E. gracile 20' Leaf blades round-ovate to rounded or reniform, if not then stem and inflorescence branches glabrous and plant of SNH; stem, inflorescence branches glabrous to tomentose 25. Inflorescence sparsely tomentose, especially basally, or glabrous; leaves basal; flowers white to rose or pale yellow – ne KR, CaR, n SNH, MP ..... E. vimineum 25' Inflorescence tomentose or generally glabrous, if sparsely tomentose then leaves basal and cauline; flowers white to pink, red or yellow 26' Involucres 2–4 mm; plant 1–5 dm; widespread 27' Leaves basal and cauline, involucres 3–3.5 mm and flowers 1.5–2 mm with sparsely tomentose stem and inflorescence, if leaves only basal and stem glabrous then involucres 2–3.5 mm and plant of n&c SN; n CA-FP ..... E. luteolum (in part) 28' Involucres 3–3.5 mm; flowers 1–2 mm; plant of serpentine; NW, CaR, SNF, SnFrB
Group 2: Annual (except 1st-yr flower Eriogonum inflatum); involucres smooth, not ribbed or angled, generally peduncled, if sessile then not appressed (subg. Ganysma)
1' Annual (perennial Eriogonum inflatum may key here if flowering 1st year) 2. Leaves basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. and cauline, not basal only or basal and sheathing 3. Involucres glandular-hairy or puberulent Minutely hairy. 4. Perianth lobes 1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. alike, oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. to elliptic In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear , not inflated 5. Involucre glandular-hairy, densely tomentose Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. adaxially, 2.7–3 mm; flower 1.5–1.7 mm; s SNF, sw SnJV ..... E. gossypinum 5' Involucre not densely tomentose, 1.8–2 mm; flower 2–2.5 mm; s SN, SnJV, SCoR, TR, DMoj ..... E. gracillimum 4' Perianth lobes not alike, outer elliptic to obovate or ± round, inflated or not, inner narrower 6. Outer perianth lobes generally elliptic to obovate, not obviously inflated, if so then only basally; stamens exserted  Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla). ; c&s SNF, Teh, SnJV, CW, TR, s PR, w DMoj ..... E. angulosum 6' Outer perianth lobes elliptic to ± round or obovate, obviously inflated basally or at tip; stamens included  Not protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens included in corolla). ; SnJV, SCoR, s SN, TR, GB, w DMoj 7. Outer perianth lobes inflated base to middle; involucres glandular-hairy; s SN, TR, GB ..... E. maculatum 7' Outer perianth lobes inflated above middle; involucres glandular; SnJV, SCoR, TR, w DMoj ..... E. viridescens 3' Involucres glabrous, long-stiff or long-soft hairy, not glandular-hairy or puberulent 8. Flowers hairy, hairs hooked 9' Flowers 4–6, 1.2–1.8 mm; fruit tip not exserted; s NCoR, c&s SN, Teh, CW, WTR ..... E. inerme 8' Flowers glabrous, if hairy then hairs not hooked 11. Leaves sparsely tomentose or glabrous, oblong-oblanceolate to obovate; flowers densely short-hairy; plant glabrous or sparsely tomentose; s SNF, Teh, SCoRI, n WTR ..... E. ordii (2) 11' Leaves short-hairy, linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. ; flowers glabrous or sparsely hairy; plant glabrous or glandular and short-hairy; NCoRH, CaRH, SN, n SCoRO, TR ..... E. spergulinum 12. Inflorescence internodes  Segment of an axis (generally a stem) between successive positions (nodes) from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. not glandular; plant prostrate  Lying flat on the ground. to ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. – s SNH ..... var. pratense 12' Inflorescence internodes glandular; plant erect Upright; vertically oriented. 2' Leaves basal and sometimes sheathing, not both basal and cauline 14. Leaf blades glabrous, or hairy on one or both surfaces, or if sparsely tomentose then flowers densely short-soft-hairy 16. Flowers densely short-soft hairy or puberulent, white to pink or red (or ± yellow) 17. Leaf blades oblong-oblanceolate to obovate, sparsely tomentose or glabrous; stem glabrous to sparsely tomentose; s SNF, Teh, SCoRI, n WTR ..... E. ordii (2) 17' Leaf blades oblanceolate to obovate, sparsely soft-shaggy hairy and glandular or coarse-hairy; stem glabrous and sparsely glandular; s SN, TR, PR, n W&I, sw DMtns 18. Flowers pink to red, aging to white, 0.5–0.9 mm; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blades coarse-hairy; involucres 0.5–0.9 mm; s SN, TR, PR, n W&I ..... E. parishii 18' Flowers white to ± red (or yellow), 1.5–2.5 mm; leaf blades soft-shaggy hairy, some glandular; involucres 1.2–1.5 mm; e SnBr, c&s PR, sw DMtns ..... E. apiculatum 16' Flowers soft-shaggy- or coarse-hairy, white to ± pink or generally yellow 19' Plant glabrous, except sometimes glandular or hairy near base or at nodes Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. ; flowers yellow to green-yellow or ± red 20. Stem glandular near base 21. Inflorescence glandular at lower nodes; involucre  Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. teeth (4)5; plant (0.3)0.5–3 dm; leaf blades generally ± round, (0.3)0.5–1(1.4) cm; fruit 1.5–1.8(2) mm; ne DMoj ..... E. contiguum 21' Inflorescence glabrous; involucre teeth 4; plant (2)4–18(22) dm; leaf blades round to reniform Kidney-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and concave. , (0.5)1–2.5(4) cm, (0.5)1–2(3) cm wide; fruit 2–2.5 mm; CW, SW, s SNE, D ..... E. clavatum (2) 20' Stem glabrous or basally coarse- or long-soft-hairy 22. Stem, inflorescence ± gray; perennial Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb but appearing annual when flowering 1st year – GB, D ..... E. inflatum (2) 22' Stem, inflorescence branches ± green or yellow-green; annual 23. Involucres 1–1.5(1.8) mm; plant (2)4–18(22) dm; inflorescence 30–150(170) cm; fruit 2–2.5 mm; CW, SW, s SNE, D ..... E. clavatum (2) 14' Leaf blades tomentose to sparsely so on one or both surfaces; flowers glabrous, glandular, or variously hairy, but not short-soft-hairy 24. Outer perianth lobes generally oblong, obovate or round, cordate Heart-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and convex. basally 25. Involucres sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. and erect or on erect peduncles Stalk of an individual flower borne singly, not in an inflorescence, or of an entire inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit; the stalk subtending an involucre (e.g., in Asteraceae, Polygonaceae). <= 0.5 cm – DMoj 26. Stem 0.5–3 cm; plant 1–4 dm; inflorescence branches spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ..... E. bifurcatum 25' Involucres sessile and reflexed  Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. or on reflexed peduncles <= 1.5 cm 27' Stem, inflorescence glabrous; s SNH, Teh, s SnJV, TR, GB, D 28. Involucres widely bell-shaped; peduncles 0; flowers yellow to red-yellow; SNE ..... E. hookeri 28' Involucres narrowly obconic or narrowly bell-shaped; peduncles <= 1.5 cm; flowers white to pink; s SNH, Teh, s SnJV, TR, D 29' Involucres 1.5–2.5 mm; inflorescence not of many horizontal tiers; s SNH, Teh, s SnJV, TR, D ..... E. deflexum (in part) 30. Involucres (2)2.5–3 mm; peduncles (0.3)0.5–1.5 cm; stem inflated; s SNH, Teh, s SnJV, TR, n&w DMoj ..... var. baratum 24' Outer perianth lobes oblong to oblanceolate or ovate Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. , truncate  Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. to obtuse  Having a short-tapered, blunt tip or base, the sides convex or straight and converging at more than a right angle. basally 31. Flowers papillate Pertaining to a surface (e.g., of a leaf, stigma, fruit) bearing small, rounded or conic protuberances (papillae). basally – peduncles curving, ascending, 1–5 cm; MP ..... E. collinum 31' Flowers smooth, not papillate 34. Leaf margins flat, blades 2–4 cm wide; petioles Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. 1–5 cm; plant 0.5–5 dm ..... var. hoffmannii 32' Perianth lobes not alike, if alike then glandular-hairy 36. Flowers white to red, glandular-hairy with a tuft of long white hairs adaxially; SCo, TR, e PR, s DMoj, DSon; outer perianth lobes generally fan-shaped ..... E. thurberi 36' Flowers yellow, if in age ± white then outer perianth lobes sac-like basally, glandular or short-stiff hairy, without a tuft of long white hairs adaxially; s SNF, s SNH, Teh, SCoRI, TR, PR (e edge), GB, D 37. Outer perianth lobes cordate, in age sac-like basally, initially yellow then white to rose; involucres 0.6–1.2 mm, glabrous; D ..... E. thomasii 37' Outer perianth lobes oblong-elliptic to obovate or ovate, not sac-like basally, yellow; involucres 1–2 mm, glabrous or glandular-hairy; s SNF, s SNH, Teh, SCoRI, TR, PR (e edge), GB, D 39' Peduncles generally curving downward; outer perianth lobes ± fiddle-shaped or oblong to oval; n&c SNH, GB 40. Outer perianth lobes ± fiddle-shaped; peduncles glabrous (or 0); c SNH, GB, probably introduced in n SNH (Nevada Co.) ..... E. cernuum 40' Outer perianth lobes oblong to oval; peduncles glandular (glabrous); n SNH, n SNE ..... E. nutans Group 3: Perennial herb to shrub; flower stipe present, sometimes weakly so, not winged; inflorescence bracts 2–13+ (subg. Oligogonum)
1. Involucre teeth not lobe-like, << tube, erect Upright; vertically oriented. or ± so 3' Leaf blades glabrous or short hairy on both surfaces; n KR, CaRH, c&s SNH, W&I, DMtns 4. Leaf blades glabrous; flowers white to rose; stem generally ascending Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. ; CaRH ..... E. pyrolifolium var. pyrolifolium 4' Leaf blades short hairy; flowers cream to yellow; stem erect; n KR, W&I, DMtns 6. Inflorescence not immediately subtended by a whorl of bracts; stem with whorl of bracts near middle 7. Flowers ± white to pink or rose-red; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blades silky-tomentose abaxially, 0.1–0.3(0.4) cm wide; c NCoRO ..... E. kelloggii 7' Flowers yellow; leaf blades tomentose abaxially, 0.2–2(3) cm wide; not c NCoRO 8' Stems 0.5–3 dm; leaf blades 0.2–0.7(0.8) cm wide 6' Inflorescence immediately subtended by whorl of bracts; stem without a whorl of bracts near middle 10. Flowers chalky-white, white to rose or ± pale yellow; flower stipe 0.1–0.4 mm 11. Flowers white to rose, 5–7 mm; involucres 5–10(12) mm; NW, CaR, SN, GB ..... E. lobbii (2) 10' Flowers yellow or ± brown to sulphur yellow or cream, occasionally with blush of pink-red to maroon (or white); flower stipe (0.1)0.3–1.5 mm 12. Plant unisexual, pistillate and staminate plants morphologically different 13' Leaf blades tomentose to densely so, generally not green adaxially; KR, SNH 15. Pistillate inflorescence generally persistently head-like (or umbel-like after fertilization); leaf blades (0.5)1–2 cm, 0.5–1.5 cm wide, densely tomentose; petioles Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. 0.7–3 cm; KR ..... E. diclinum 15' Pistillate inflorescence initially head-like, umbel-like after fertilization; leaf blades 0.5–1.5 cm, 0.3–0.7 cm wide, generally tomentose; petioles (0.3)0.5–1 cm; SNH ..... E. incanum 12' Plant bisexual  Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). (but generally with some aborted male or female parts), otherwise not morphologically different 16. Flowers sulphur yellow; involucres long-soft-wavy-hairy; inflorescence often compound umbel-like 17' Leaf blades oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. to obovate, (0.4)0.8–1.3 cm wide; perennial Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb mat; n KR, s NCoRO, n NCoRH ..... E. ternatum 16' Flowers white, cream, pale yellow (yellow); involucres tomentose; inflorescence umbel-like 18. Stems 0.2–0.6(1) dm; inflorescence ± head-like; flowers yellow to red or maroon, or white to pink-rose or deep red; s NCoRH, c&s NCoRI 19. Involucres 4–6.5 mm; stipe 0.1–0.3 mm; flowers yellow to red or maroon; s NCoRO ..... E. cedrorum 19' Involucres 3–4 mm; stipe 0.5–0.8 mm; flowers white to pink-rose or deep red; s NCoRH, c&s NCoRI ..... E. nervulosum 18' Stems 0.4–4 dm; inflorescence compound-umbel- or umbel-like; flowers cream or ± yellow, blushed or not with pink-red to maroon; KR, s CaR, n SN ..... E. ursinum 1' Involucre teeth lobe-like, at least 1/2 tube, generally reflexed Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. or spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. 22' Stem with whorl of subtending bracts at base of umbel  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, an inflorescence in which three to many pedicels and, if compound, branches (rays) radiate from a common point; characteristic of but not confined to Apiaceae. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, an umbel-like inflorescence is one in which three to many stalked inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, radiate from a common point of attachment without an evident axis or branches. , middle of stem, or middle of branches 23. Inflorescence scapose  Pertaining to a plant or an inflorescence in which a relatively long peduncle (scape) arises, sometimes with leaf- or scale-like bracts but without true foliage leaves, from a rosette or other arrangement of leaves at ground level. , involucres 1 24' Leaf blades sparsely tomentose to ± glabrous adaxially; CaRH, n&s SNH, MP 25' Leaf blades oblanceolate to elliptic In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear ; s SNH ..... E. twisselmannii 23' Inflorescence not scapose, involucres >= 1 26. Flowers 4–5 mm, yellow; leaf blades densely tomentose; plant 2.5–5 dm; NCoRI, n&c SNF ..... E. tripodum 26' Flowers (5)6–9 mm, cream or pale to bright yellow; leaf blades densely tomentose to glabrous; plant 0.5–4 dm; CaRH, n SNH, MP ..... E. sphaerocephalum 28. Inflorescence head-like, involucres not immediately subtended by leafy bracts; stem with a whorl of leafy bracts near middle; flowers yellow 29. Leaf blades (0.3)0.5–0.8 cm, sparsely tomentose to ± glabrous, bright green or olive-green adaxially; generally matted perennial herb; e KR ..... E. siskiyouense 29' Leaf blades 0.5–1.5(2) cm, densely tomentose or ± glabrous adaxially, generally pale green adaxially; plant erect or rounded perennial herb or subshrub, occasionally mat; n&c SN, s SNH ..... E. prattenianum (2) 28' Inflorescence umbel-like or compound-umbel-like, involucres immediately subtended by leafy bracts; stem with or without an additional whorl of bracts near middle; flowers white, yellow, or rose 31' Stems without a whorl of leaf-like bracts near middle 32. Flower stipe 0.1–0.4 mm – stem prostrate Lying flat on the ground. to decumbent  lying mostly flat on the ground but with tips curving up. or weakly erect; inflorescence ± head- to umbel-like – NW, CaR, SN, GB ..... E. lobbii (2) 32' Flower stipe 0.7–2 mm 34. Main inflorescence branches of 1 order, none with a whorl of bracts near middle 35. Flowers generally ± white or cream to red, occasionally ± yellow 36. Leaf blades densely tomentose on both surfaces – flowers generally lemon yellow to yellow-red; SnGb, SnBr ..... var. minus 36' Leaf blades tomentose to glabrous adaxially 37' Flowers yellow, in age red-brown to rose or pink, with large ± red spot on each lobe 1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. ; leaf blades generally ± red adaxially; W&I (Inyo Mtns), DMtns ..... var. versicolor (2) 35' Flowers bright yellow 38. Flower clusters with branches generally > 2.5 cm 39' Leaf blades densely white-tomentose or tomentose abaxially; subshrub or spreading to prostrate mat 40' Perennial mat (0.7)1–4.5(5) dm, on serpentine; KR, n NCoRH, n CaRH 38' Flower clusters with branches <= 2.5 cm 42' Plant erect to ± spreading, generally not subalpine or alpine 43' Leaf blades tomentose to densely so abaxially; KR, CaR, SN, MP, DMtns 44' Inflorescence branches 1–2.5(4) cm; KR, s SNH, DMtns 34' Main inflorescence branches of >= 2 orders, or at least some with a whorl of bracts near middle 46. Inflorescence with a whorl of bracts at middle (see also Eriogonum umbellatum var. polyanthum) 46' Inflorescence without a whorl of bracts at middle, bracts only at base of inflorescence or involucres 48' Flowers 3–8 mm; perennial herb mat or subshrub, if shrub then inflorescence 3-branched; not of KR 49. Flowers cream, ± white, pale yellow, or green-yellow, or yellow, in age red-brown to rose or pink 50. Flowers cream, ± white, pale yellow, or green-yellow, without large ± red spot on each lobe; subshrub or shrub; e DMtns ..... var. juniporinum 50' Flowers yellow, in age red-brown to rose or pink, with large ± red spot on each lobe; spreading to ± prostrate mat; W&I (Inyo Mtns), DMtns ..... var. versicolor (2) 49' Flowers yellow, in age not red-brown to rose or pink 51. Leaf blades glabrous to densely tomentose (see also Eriogonum umbellatum var. munzii of TR, SnJt) 52' Leaf blades densely tomentose to glabrous 53. Leaf blades tomentose to densely so abaxially, tomentose to sparsely so adaxially; NW 54. Leaf blades (0.5)0.8–1.8(2) cm wide; involucre Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. lobes 1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. (3)4–6 mm; KR ..... var. lautum (2) 53' Leaf blades generally sparsely tomentose to glabrous; not NW 51' Leaf blades sparsely to densely tomentose, or densely tomentose abaxially, less so to glabrous adaxially (rarely both surfaces tomentose in Eriogonum umbellatum var. munzii of TR, SnJt) 56. Shrub, densely branched – KR, NCoRH, n SNF, n SNH/CaRH, MP 57. Leaf blades rusty-woolly to tomentose abaxially; inflorescence 3–4-branched, branches tomentose to woolly, central branch without a whorl of bracts near middle ..... var. ahartii 57' Leaf blades white-tomentose abaxially; inflorescence 1–2(3)-branched, branches sparsely tomentose to glabrous, central branch occasionally with a whorl of bracts near middle ..... var. polyanthum 56' Perennial mat or more openly and sparsely branched subshrub or shrub 58. Stems generally sparsely tomentose or glabrous 59. Leaf margins finely wavy; stems often with leaf-like bract  Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. near middle; KR, c NCoRH ..... var. argus 58' Stems generally tomentose or sparsely tomentose (or ± glabrous in age) 60' Involucre lobes 1–3 mm; leaf blades elliptic
Group 4: Perennial herb to shrub; flower stipe 0 or ± winged; inflorescence bracts generally 3 (mainly subg. Eucycla)
1. Stem basally jointed, breaking into short-cylindric sections; flowers 150–200 – n DMtns (subg. Clastomyelon) ..... E. intrafractum 1' Stem not jointed, not breaking into sections; flowers 7–100 2. Flowers with dense coarse, curved, ± white hairs; leaves generally coarse-hairy on both surfaces; GB, D (subg. Ganysma) ..... E. inflatum 2' Flowers glabrous or not as above; leaves tomentose Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. to sparsely so at least abaxially, not coarse-hairy 4. Flowers bright yellow; inflorescence cyme- or umbel-like, 0.5–3 cm; fruit 2.5–3 mm; s WTR ..... E. crocatum 4' Flowers white to rose or ± yellow; inflorescence cyme-like, 10–25 cm; fruit 3.5–4 mm; s SN, CW, SW, SNE, DMtns ..... E. saxatile 5. Plant forming cespitose  Having a densely clumped, tufted, matted, or cushion-like growth form. or cushion-like mat; inflorescence head-like, if not then plant 0.1–1 dm 6. Inflorescence branched 7' Flowers glabrous, white to pink or rose or ± yellow with ± red spot; stem not glandular; s SNH, n DMtns 9. Flowers 3.5–5 mm, lobes 1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. not alike, outer round; involucres 1.5–2 mm; n DMtns ..... E. gilmanii 6' Inflorescence head-like 10. Perianth lobes not alike, outer generally 2 × as wide as inner; stems sparsely to densely tomentose or ± glabrous – KR, CaR, SNH, SnBr, GB ..... E. ovalifolium 11. Leaf blades generally 1–6 cm (or shorter); stem (1)5–30(40) cm; involucres (3.5)4–6.5(8) mm 12. Stem generally 1–5(7.5) cm; – leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blades densely tomentose; n SNH (Job's Peak, Alpine Co.) ..... var. eximium (2) 12' Stem generally (4)7–30(40) cm (or shorter) 13' Flowers 4–5 mm; involucres 4–6.5 mm; common, not SnBr 11' Leaf blades 0.2–1.2 (2) cm; stem generally 0.3–5(9) cm (or longer); involucres generally 2–4.5(8) mm 15' Flowers white, rose, purple or red 16. Leaf blades densely tomentose, margins ± brown – n SNH (Job's Peak, Alpine Co.) ..... var. eximium (2) 16' Leaf blades tomentose to densely so, margins not ± brown 17' Involucres 5–8 mm – s SNH or ne SnBr 10' Perianth lobes alike, if not then stems glandular-hairy 20. Flowers yellow or red-yellow 21' Involucres glabrous or sparsely tomentose, occasionally glandular; stem glabrous or glandular; MP 22. Leaf blades obovate or not, 1–2 cm, (0.3)0.5–1(1.5) cm wide; stem 0.5–1.5(2) dm, glandular below inflorescence; involucres sparsely tomentose, occasionally sparsely glandular ..... E. ochrocephalum var. ochrocephalum 22' Leaf blades not obovate, 0.3–1(1.4) cm, 0.15–0.4(0.6) cm wide; stem 0.2–0.6(0.8) dm, glabrous; involucres glabrous or sparsely tomentose ..... E. prociduum 20' Flowers white to rose or pink 23' Involucres glabrous or tomentose, rigid; c&s SN, Teh, TR, SNE, n DMtns 24' Fruit glabrous; c&s SN, Teh, TR, SNE, nw DMtns 25' Pedicels glabrous; leaves 0.2–1(1.2) cm, 0.05–0.4 cm wide; plant 1–4 dm diam; c&s SN, TR, SNE, nw DMtns ..... E. kennedyi 26' Leaf hairs gray- or red- to brown-white; plant generally forming loose, open mat; se SNF, TR 27. Leaf blades oblong Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. , 0.3–0.5 cm, 0.1–0.4 cm wide; se SNF ..... var. pinicola 27' Leaf blades oblanceolate to elliptic In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear , 0.2–1.2 cm, 0.05–0.2 cm wide; TR 28' Stem 4–15 cm; n WTR, SnBr 5' Shrub to subshrub or spreading Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. to erect herb; inflorescence branched, if head-like then plant 1–5 dm 30. Involucres clustered 2–10+ per node Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. 32' Flowers white to rose or purple 35. Leaf blades lanceolate Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. to narrowly ovate Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. , 4–15(25) cm, long-soft-hairy ..... E. elatum 35' Leaf blades oblanceolate to ovate or elliptic, generally 2–6 cm, tomentose abaxially, tomentose to glabrous adaxially 37. Involucres 3–6 mm wide; stem, inflorescence glabrous (to sparsely tomentose); inflorescence ± head- to cyme-like; leaf blades densely tomentose abaxially, tomentose to ± glabrous adaxially; ChI ..... E. grande 38. Flowers pink to red or rose; plant 2–5 dm; involucres 5–7 mm; Santa Rosa, San Miguel, Santa Cruz islands, occasionally CW ..... var. rubescens 38' Flowers white; plant 1–15 dm; involucres 4–6 mm; various islands except Santa Rosa Island 39. Plant 5–15 dm; involucres 5–6 mm; San Miguel, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, Santa Catalina, San Clemente islands, occasionally CW ..... var. grande 37' Involucres (1.5)2–4 mm wide; stem, inflorescence glabrous to tomentose; inflorescence head- to umbel- or cyme-like; leaf blades tomentose to densely so on both surfaces, or tomentose to glabrous adaxially; mainland 40' Pedicels glabrous; flowers glabrous or hairy 41. Involucres, stems tomentose to (glabrous); leaf blades densely white- to yellow-brown-tomentose on both surfaces, or tomentose to glabrous adaxially; subshrub or mat – NCo, n&c CCo ..... E. latifolium 41' Involucres, stems glabrous, if tomentose then plant not in NCo, n&c CCo; leaf blades tomentose to densely so on both surfaces or tomentose to glabrous adaxially; plant generally erect ..... E. nudum (2) 42. Involucres, inflorescence branches tomentose to sparsely so; leaves generally basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. 42' Involucres, inflorescence branches glabrous, if not then leaves sheathing 44. Leaves sheathing, margins generally strongly wavy 46' Flowers glabrous, 2–4 mm; involucres 3–6 mm; SnFrB 48. Leaf blades densely tomentose abaxially, tomentose adaxially; involucres 5–10; s SNF ..... var. murinum 48' Leaf blades tomentose abaxially, less so to glabrous adaxially; involucres 1–5; NW, deltaic GV (Contra Costa Co.), CW 49. Involucres solitary; stem inflated; flowers white to yellow, glabrous; w edge SnJV, e SCoRI ..... var. indictum 49' Involucres 1–5 on same pl; stem not or ± inflated; flowers white to pink (or ± yellow), glabrous or hairy; NW, deltaic GV (Contra Costa Co.), CW 50. Involucres (2)3–5 per cluster; stem not or ± inflated; flowers white to pink (or ± yellow), glabrous; NW, CW ..... var. auriculatum (2) 50' Involucres 1–3; stem not inflated; flowers white to pink, hairy; deltaic GV (Contra Costa Co.) ..... var. psychicola 44' Leaves basal, margins not or ± wavy 52' Stem not inflated, if so then plant of PR; flowers white (or yellow) 53' Flowers glabrous; NW, CaR, SN, SnFrB, GB 55. Flowers hairy, generally yellow 56. Stem not inflated; leaf blades glabrous or woolly-tufted adaxially, margins flat; NW, CaR, SN, ScV, SnFrB ..... var. pubiflorum 56' Stem ± to distinctly inflated; leaf blades tomentose to sparsely so adaxially, margins wavy; s SNE, w DMoj ..... var. westonii (2) 55' Flowers generally glabrous, white (or yellow) 57' Inflorescence cyme-like, if head-like or ± so then not alpine 58' Involucres 3–5 mm, 2–10; NW, CaR, SN, SnFrB 59. Inflorescence cyme-like, branched 2+ times; involucres 2–5; NW, CaR, SN, SnFrB ..... var. nudum (2) 60. Leaf blades narrowly linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to oblanceolate, <= 2 cm, generally strongly clustered; widespread ..... E. fasciculatum 61. Leaves thinly white-tomentose abaxially, glabrous adaxially; flowers, involucres generally glabrous; plant generally decumbent lying mostly flat on the ground but with tips curving up. ; CCo, SCoR, SCo, ChI (Santa Catalina Island), WTR, SnBr, PR, DMoj (se edge) ..... var. fasciculatum 61' Leaves, flowers, involucres hairy, if ± glabrous then plant of deserts; plant erect to rounded; CA-FP, SNE, D 62. Leaves light yellow-green, glabrous or ± so adaxially; involucres, flowers glabrous or occasionally hairy; D ..... var. flavoviride 62' Leaves dark green or ± gray, generally hairy adaxially; involucres, flowers hairy; CA-FP, SNE, D 63. Inflorescence open, mostly cyme-like; leaves densely white-tomentose abaxially, less so to green, sparsely tomentose adaxially, margins generally tightly rolled under; CW, SW, occasionally NW, D ..... var. foliolosum 63' Inflorescence head- to umbel-like (or cyme-like); leaves gray-hairy on both surfaces or densely gray-tomentose abaxially, gray-hairy adaxially, margins not or occasionally rolled under; SnJV, CCo, SCoRO, s SN, SCoRI, e SCo, TR, e PR, SnJt, SNE, D ..... var. polifolium 60' Leaf blades linear-oblong to round, if linear then > 2 cm and not clustered; CW, SW 64' Flowers long-soft-hairy; CCo, SCo, ChI, occasionally established elsewhere 65. Leaf blades linear to narrowly oblong, 2–4(5) cm, white-tomentose abaxially, gray-hairy to ± glabrous adaxially, margins rolled under; n ChI, occasionally established elsewhere ..... E. arborescens 65' Leaf blades ovate or lanceolate to oblong- or narrow-ovate, 1.5–10 cm, white- or gray-tomentose generally on both surfaces, margins flat; CW, SW 66. Leaf blades ovate, 1.5–3 cm, 1–2.5(3) cm wide; inflorescence generally head-like; s CCo, w SCo, n ChI (Santa Rosa Island), occasionally established CW, SW ..... E. cinereum 66' Leaf blades oblong-ovate to ovate or lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 2–7(10) cm, 1–5 cm wide; inflorescence generally open, cyme-like; s ChI, occasionally established CW, SW ..... E. giganteum 67' Leaf blades oblong-ovate to ovate; Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara islands 68. Leaf blades 2.5–3.5(6) cm, 1.5–2(4) cm wide; inflorescence rarely open; Santa Barbara Island ..... var. compactum 68' Leaf blades 3–7(10) cm, 2–5 cm wide; inflorescence open; Santa Catalina Island, occasionally CW, SW ..... var. giganteum 30' Involucres 1 per node 69. Involucres in raceme-like arrangements at tips of inflorescence branches 70. Involucres (4)6–7 mm; perennial Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb, 6–12(18) dm – c&s CW, SW ..... E. elongatum var. elongatum 70' Involucres (0.8)1–6 mm; herb to shrub, (1)1.5–5 dm 72. Plant basally ± woody, much-branched; leaf blades oblanceolate to elliptic, 0.1–1 cm wide, margins often rolled under 74. Herb, loosely to compactly matted 76' Stems, inflorescence ± white, ± red, or ± green, tomentose to woolly-tufted 77' Petiole bases not forming ring around stem; leaf blades 0.5–3 cm, 0.2–1 cm wide; NW, n SNF, DMoj 78' Leaf blades 0.5–1.5 cm, 0.2–0.5(0.7) cm wide; involucres 2–2.5 mm; flowers 2.5–3.5 mm; DMoj ..... var. wrightii 72' Plant basally not woody, little-branched; leaf blades round to widely ovate, (0.3)1–3.5(4) cm wide, margins flat – W&I, DMtns 79. Leaf blades ± round, (0.3)0.5–1.5 cm, petioles Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. 1–2 cm; involucres bell-shaped ..... E. mensicola 79' Leaf blades ovate to elliptic, oblong, or obovate, 1.5–4.5(5) cm, petioles 1–7 cm; involucres generally narrower than bell-shaped 80. Leaf blades ovate to elliptic or obovate, 1.5–4 cm, 1–2.5 cm wide, petioles 1–5 cm; involucres 3–5 mm, 2–4 mm wide ..... E. panamintense 80' Leaf blades elliptic to oblong, (2)2.5–4.5(5) cm, 1.5–3.5(4) cm wide, petioles (2)3–7 cm; involucres 3–4 mm, 3–4 mm wide ..... E. rupinum 69' Involucres in forks of branches 82. Leaf blades ovate to elliptic or oblanceolate, (0.3)1–4 cm wide; California (see 41' above) ..... E. nudum (2) 85' Flowers white; involucres 5–8-toothed 87. Inflorescence panicle- or cyme-like, generally extensively branched, generally open, not terminal; involucres glabrous 88. Outer perianth lobes obovate; inflorescence branches ± gray, generally spreading, tiered; D ..... E. plumatella 88' Outer perianth lobes obovate to round; inflorescence branches green, ascending Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. , not tiered; c&s SNH, Teh, s SCoR, TR, SNE, DMoj ..... E. heermannii 89. Stems, inflorescence branches round or angled, minutely scabrous or papillate-scabrous; plant generally densely branched; DMtns 89' Stems, inflorescence branches round, not angled, generally smooth, glabrous or sparsely tomentose to woolly-tufted; plant sparsely branched; widespread 91. Involucres not in raceme-like arrangement, or only uppermost 2–3 so disposed; inflorescence branches glabrous – c&s SNH (e slope), SNE, n DMtns ..... var. humilius 91' Involucres in raceme-like arrangement, at least at tips of branches; inflorescence branches glabrous or sparsely tomentose to woolly-tufted 92' Inflorescence branches glabrous; s-c, sw CA 93. Leaf blades 0.5–1.5 cm, glabrous to sparsely tomentose abaxially; inflorescence branches stout; s SNH (Kern Co.), Teh, se SCoRO (se San Luis Obispo Co.), n TR ..... var. heermannii 93' Leaf blades 1.5–3(4) cm, generally tomentose to sparsely so abaxially (at least in early flower); inflorescence branches slender; c SCoRI ..... var. occidentale 87' Inflorescence cyme-like, generally moderately branched, generally compact, terminal; involucres tomentose to glabrous 94. Plant matted subshrub, 0.5–1.5 dm; leaf blades 0.4–0.6 cm, margins rolled under; e DMtns ..... E. thornei 94' Plant erect to spreading subshrub or shrub, 0.2–15 dm; leaf blades (0.3)1–3.5 cm, margins flat, or if rolled under; widespread ..... E. microtheca 96. Leaf blades (0.2)0.3–0.6(0.8) cm wide; flowers (1.5)2–2.5(3) mm; involucres 2–2.5 mm; fruit 1.5–2 mm; SNH (e slope), GB ..... var. ambiguum 95' Flowers white, cream, orange, pink, or red 97. Hairs ± white (see also Eriogonum microtheca var. alpinum) or stem, inflorescence rarely glabrous 98' Leaf margins generally rolled under; inflorescence tomentose to densely so or rarely subglabrous; s SNE, DMoj ..... var. simpsonii 97' Hairs ± brown or ± red (generally white in Eriogonum microtheca var. alpinum) or stems, inflorescence generally glabrous 100' Stems, inflorescence tomentose in youth, sparsely tomentose in age; flowers 1.5–2(2.5) mm; fruit 1.8–2 mm; s W&I, n DMtns ..... var. panamintense 99' Subshrub 0.2–1.5(2) dm 101. Leaf blades elliptic or ovate, margins flat; flowers (1.5)2–3.5(4) mm 102. Leaf blades 0.5–1 cm, (0.2)0.3–0.5(0.6) cm wide; involucres (2)2.5–3 mm; flowers (2.5)3–3.5(4) mm; e SnGb, w SnBr ..... var. johnstonii 101' Leaf blades linear or linear-oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, margins often rolled under; flowers 1.5–2.5 mm
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