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Key to ViolaView taxon page for Viola
(For a list of species in Viola, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Stem 0, internodes  Segment of an axis (generally a stem) between successive positions (nodes) from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. 0 2' Rhizomes thin, not fleshy; plants with stolons, at least in summer 3. Fruit puberulent  Minutely hairy. ; leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. crenate  Pertaining to margins with shallow, rounded teeth, between which are usually acute sinuses (i.e., scalloped) ; stolons green, leafy ..... V. odorata 3' Fruit glabrous; leaf blade crenate to serrate  Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. ; stolons pale, not leafy 4. Leaf blade lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. , narrowly ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. , or elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear ; petals white ..... V. primulifolia subsp. occidentalis 4' Leaf blade reniform  Kidney-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and concave. , ovate, or round; petals white or lilac to pale blue or ± white, with purple lines 5' Leaf blade generally glabrous; petals lilac, pale blue, or ± white; plants not in dense patches ..... V. palustris 1' Stem present, internodes short or long 6' Stipules << leaf; perennial  Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb; lateral petals >>sepals 8. Petals of 1 color, light gold- or deep lemon-yellow; cleistogamous flowers present or 0 9. Leaf blades longer than wide; leaf segments 3–5, 1–2.5(5) mm wide; cleistogamous flowers 0; lateral 2 petals bearded with cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. hairs ..... V. douglasii 9' Leaf blades wider than long; leaf segments 3, 2–10 mm wide; cleistogamous flowers present, exclusively or not; lateral 2 petals ± bearded or not with club-shaped hairs ..... V. sheltonii 8' Petals of 2 colors, upper dark red-violet, lower lilac, pale yellow, or cream to ± white; cleistogamous flowers 0 10. Lower 3 petals (apart from veins, spots) lilac to ± white; leaves generally puberulent (glabrous) ..... V. beckwithii 10' Lower 3 petals (apart from veins, spots) pale yellow, cream, or ± white, deep yellow to orange basally; leaves glabrous except veins, margins generally ciliate  Having generally straight, conspicuous hairs along margins or edges. , stipules occasionally ciliate ..... V. hallii 7' Leaves simple  Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. 11. Lower stem erect  Upright; vertically oriented. , without leaves, peduncles  Stalk of an individual flower borne singly, not in an inflorescence, or of an entire inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit; the stalk subtending an involucre (e.g., in Asteraceae, Polygonaceae). 12. Upper 2 petals deep lemon-yellow abaxially; stem green; cauline leaf ovate to deltate  More or less equilaterally triangular, with the corners rounded or not. , entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ; moist to wet generally shady places ..... V. glabella 12' Upper 2 petals dark red-brown abaxially; stem generally purple; cauline leaf reniform, deltate, ± ovate, or diamond-shaped, deeply divided or not; generally dry shady or open places ..... V. lobata 13' Cauline leaf ± ovate, deltate, or generally reniform, palmately lobed or deeply dissected ..... subsp. lobata 11' Lower stem prostrate  Lying flat on the ground. to erect, with leaves, peduncles 14' Plant without stolon-like stem; leaves deciduous 15. Petals white at least adaxially, lateral with large purple spot basally above smaller yellow area 16' Leaf not shiny, cauline leaf base ± cordate  Heart-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and convex. to truncate  Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. ; plant ± glabrous to generally puberulent ..... V. ocellata 17. Petals light to deep violet, lavender, or blue-violet 18. Rhizome fleshy; style head  1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches. glabrous; sepals not ciliate ..... V. langsdorffii 18' Rhizome woody; style head bearded; sepals ciliate or not 19. Leaf ovate to ovate-triangular, entire to crenate; sepals not ciliate; spur generally longer than wide, straight or tip hooked; CA-FP, Wrn ..... V. adunca subsp. adunca 19' Leaf ovate to reniform, crenate; sepals ciliate or not; spur ± as long as wide, straight, tip not hooked; KR (near Joe Bar, Siskiyou Co.) ..... V. howellii 17' Petals yellow to orange 20. Petals gold-yellow, lowest 10–20 mm; basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. leaf 0 per caudex  Generally short, sometimes woody, more or less vertical stem of a perennial, at or beneath ground level. ; cleistogamous flower 0 ..... V. pedunculata 20' Petals deep lemon-yellow, lowest 6–16 mm; basal leaf 1–6 per caudex; cleistogamous flower present (0 in Viola tomentosa) 21. Fruit glabrous to minutely puberulent 22' Basal leaf blade base generally tapered  Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. , obliquely so or not 21' Fruit puberulent to tomentose  Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. 24' Basal leaves not entire ( Viola purpurea subsp. integrifolia, Viola pinetorum subsp. pinetorum occasionally entire); cleistogamous flowers present; fruit puberulent 25. Leaves canescent to tomentose 26. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate or generally linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to narrowly lanceolate, canescent to gray-tomentose; s SNH, Teh, WTR, SnBr ..... V. pinetorum subsp. grisea 25' Leaves ± glabrous to puberulent 27. Stems mostly buried, not much elongated by end of season; plant 3–8.5(12) cm 28. Cauline leaves generally entire, puberulent; basal leaves ± crenate to irregularly shallowly dentate  Having margins with sharp, relatively coarse teeth pointing outward, not tipward. or entire, unlobed; NW, CaR, n&c SNH ..... V. purpurea subsp. integrifolia 28' Cauline leaves coarsely crenate or dentate, ± glabrous; basal leaves coarsely serrate or generally irregularly dentate or crenate with 2–4 rounded lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. per side; NCoRH, NCoRI, SnGb, GB, DMtns (Panamint Range) ..... V. purpurea subsp. venosa 27' Stems generally not buried, generally elongated by end of season; plant 3–25(34.5) cm 29. Basal leaf bases cordate to truncate 30. Basal leaf generally gray-green, occasionally purple-tinted abaxially 30' Basal leaf generally purple-tinted, occasionally gray-green abaxially 32. Cauline leaf not prominently lobed; basal petiole  Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. 1.8–8.5 cm; peduncle Stalk of an individual flower borne singly, not in an inflorescence, or of an entire inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit; the stalk subtending an involucre (e.g., in Asteraceae, Polygonaceae). 4.6–6 cm; n SNH, GB ..... V. purpurea subsp. dimorpha 29' Basal leaf bases tapered 33' Basal leaf generally purple-tinted abaxially 34. Cauline leaf 2–10 × longer than wide 34' Cauline leaf generally < 2 × longer than wide
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Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear.