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Key to RanunculusView taxon page for Ranunculus
(For a list of species in Ranunculus, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Leaves generally simple  Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. , unlobed 2. Petals 1–3, 1.5–2.5 mm, ± = sepals; fruit body 1–1.8 mm, beak 0 or < 0.1 mm 3. Bracts elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear to ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. ; sepals 3 ..... R. bonariensis var. trisepalus 3' Bracts linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. or oblanceolate; sepals 4–5 ..... R. pusillus 2' Petals 4–12, 2–14 mm, generally >= sepals; fruit body 1–4.2 mm, beak 0.1–1.4 mm. 4. Stems erect  Upright; vertically oriented. , decumbent  lying mostly flat on the ground but with tips curving up. , or prostrate  Lying flat on the ground. , generally rooting at nodes  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. 5. Fruit wall papery, longitudinally ribbed; leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). tip rounded, margin crenate  Pertaining to margins with shallow, rounded teeth, between which are usually acute sinuses (i.e., scalloped) to crenate-serrate ..... R. cymbalaria 5' Fruit wall thick, smooth (occasionally hairy); leaf tip acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. , acuminate  Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. , or rounded-obtuse to thread-like, margin entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). or finely toothed 6. Lower cauline leaf blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear ..... R. flammula 7' Stems prostrate, occasionally ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. ; sepals 2–3 mm; petals 3–5 mm, 2–3 mm wide ..... var. ovalis 6' Lower cauline leaf blade generally ovate 4' Stems erect or ascending, not rooting at nodes 9. Sepals white or pale yellow, 6–13 mm, 3–6 mm wide; petals 8–12, 2–4 mm, ± green; basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. leaves shallowly lobed, cauline leaves 0–2, scale-like, unlobed ..... R. hystriculus 9' Sepals green, 2–6 mm, 1–4 mm wide; petals 4–6(8), 4–14 mm, yellow; basal leaves unlobed, not differentiated from cauline, cauline unlobed, at least lower large, petioled, not scale-like 10. Basal leaf bases cordate  Heart-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and convex. to obtuse  Having a short-tapered, blunt tip or base, the sides convex or straight and converging at more than a right angle. ..... R. populago 11' Leaf blade lanceolate 12. Leaves minutely serrate  Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. ; stem 3.5–8 mm diam ..... var. alismifolius 12' Leaves entire; stem 1–3 mm diam 1' Leaves deeply lobed or compound (except basal leaves of Ranunculus glaberrimus) 14. Stems prostrate to decumbent or creeping, rooting at nodes, or floating in water, rootless 15. Leaves 1-ternate; meadows, road banks, disturbed places, edges of marshes, streams ..... R. repens 15' Leaves lobed, parted, or dissected into thread-like segments; aquatic or on drying mud 16' Petals white, or only claws yellow; fruit strongly wrinkled 17. Receptacle glabrous; style 1–1.5 mm; achenes 2–6, bodies 2–2.4 mm; submersed leaves generally 2–3-dissected; annual ..... R. lobbii 17' Receptacle bristly; style 0.2–1.2 mm; achenes 15–many, bodies 1–2 mm; submersed leaves generally 3–6-dissected; perennial  Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb ..... R. aquatilis 18. Floating leaves 0 or reniform  Kidney-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and concave. , 3-parted, segments obovate or fan-shaped, submersed leaves dissected into thread-like segments ..... var. aquatilis 14' Stems erect to ascending or decumbent (prostrate), generally not rooting at nodes, not floating, occasionally decumbent, rooting only at lowest nodes 20. Fruit faces smooth; leaves parted, generally deeply, segments lobed or parted, deeply crenate or again lobed ..... var. multifidus 20' Fruit faces finely transversely wrinkled; leaves lobed or parted, segments undivided or lobed, crenate ..... var. sceleratus 19' Style present; fruit margins ridged to narrowly winged, or differentiated margins not evident; plant on wet or dry soil 21' Fruit wall thick, not inflated; petals yellow, occasionally ± purple abaxially 22' Cauline leaves well developed; fruit beak generally < body 23. Fruit lenticular, width 1–2 × depth; stem glabrous 25. Basal leaves elliptic to very narrowly elliptic, entire (or with 3 wide, rounded teeth distally); bract  Reduced, leaf- or scale-like structure subtending a branch, cone scale, peduncle, pedicel, or flower. lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. 3, middle >> lateral ..... var. ellipticus 25' Basal leaves ovate to obovate or reniform, with 3 wide, rounded, teeth distally (or entire); bract lobes 3, equal ..... var. glaberrimus 26' Ultimate leaf segments rounded, obtuse, or widely rounded-acute 27. Persistent leaf bases on caudex  Generally short, sometimes woody, more or less vertical stem of a perennial, at or beneath ground level. 0–few; basal leaves 3-parted ..... var. eschscholtzii 27' Persistent leaf bases on caudex many; basal leaves shallowly 5–9-lobed or occasionally 3-parted ..... var. oxynotus 23' Fruit disk-like, width 3–15 × depth; stem hairy or glabrous 28. Fruit faces papillate  Pertaining to a surface (e.g., of a leaf, stigma, fruit) bearing small, rounded or conic protuberances (papillae). to spiny 29. Petals 1–2 mm; fruit faces papillate, each papilla tipped with hooked bristle 30' Fruit ornamented on faces, not margins, beaks deltate  More or less equilaterally triangular, with the corners rounded or not. ..... R. parviflorus 29' Petals 4–10 mm; fruit faces generally papillate or spiny, hooked bristles 0 31. Sepals spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ; achenes 5–9 in a single whorl, faces and margins spiny ..... R. arvensis 31' Sepals reflexed  Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. ; achenes 10–60 in ovoid to globose heads, faces papillate to spiny (smooth), margins smooth 32' Basal leaves 1–2 ternate; fruit beak 0.3–0.7 mm 34. Petals 2–6 mm, ± = sepals 34' Petals 5–26 mm, if 5–6 mm then >> sepals 36' Sepals reflexed 1–3 mm from base 39. Stem erect to decumbent, glabrous or spreading-hairy; ultimate segments of basal leaves acute to rounded-acute ..... var. californicus 39' Stem prostrate, strigose  With stiff, straight, sharp, appressed hairs. ; ultimate segments of basal leaves rounded to obtuse ..... var. cuneatus 43' Basal leaves compound, leaflets 3–5, lobed or parted, entire, dentate  Having margins with sharp, relatively coarse teeth pointing outward, not tipward. , or dentate-lobed; petals rounded 40' Fruit beak curved or tip hooked 45' Base of stem not enlarged 46. Receptacle long-hairy; fruit wall coarsely papillate (smooth), beak 0.4–0.7 mm ..... R. sardous (2) 46' Receptacle glabrous; fruit wall generally smooth, beak 0.2–1.4 mm
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