Common Name: BORAGE FAMILY Habit: Annual, perennial herb, or shrub, often bristly or sharp-hairy. Stem: prostrate-decumbent to erect. Leaf: basal and/or cauline, simple, generally alternate, sometimes opposite, especially at base. Inflorescence: cymes, arranged singly or in groups of 2--5, generally coiled in flower, generally elongating in fruit. Flower: bisexual, generally radial; sepals 5, free or fused at least at base; corolla 5-lobed, salverform, funnel-shaped, rotate, or bell-shaped, appendages (often called "fornices") 0 or 5 at top of tube, when present often differentially pigmented, alternate stamens; stamens epipetalous; ovary superior, 4-lobed, style 1, entire or minutely 2-lobed (2-branched). Fruit: nutlets 1--4, when > 1, all similar (often called "homomorphic") or 1 or 2 dissimilar in size and/or shape from the others (often called "heteromorphic"), free (fused), smooth to roughened, prickly or bristly or not. Genera In Family: +- 90 genera, +- 1600--1700 species: mostly temperate, especially western North America, Mediterranean; some cultivated (Borago, Echium, Myosotis, Symphytum). Toxicity: Many genera may be TOXIC from pyrrolizidine alkaloids or accumulated nitrates. Note: Sometimes still treated in broader sense of TJM2 (e.g., APG IV 2016 Bot J Linn Soc 181:1--20), but recent evidence (Luebert et al. 2016) supports segregation, for our flora, of the families Ehretiaceae, Heliotropiaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Lennoaceae, and Namaceae. eFlora Treatment Author: Michael G. Simpson, C. Matt Guilliams, Kristen Hasenstab-Lehman & Ronald B. Kelley Scientific Editor: Bruce G. Baldwin, C. Matt Guilliams, Kristen Hasenstab-Lehman, David J. Keil, Ronald B. Kelley, Robert W. Patterson, Thomas J. Rosatti & Michael G. Simpson
Common Name: HOUND'S TONGUE Habit: Biennial, +- hairy, taprooted. Stem: erect. Leaf: entire, basal petioled, cauline sessile. Inflorescence: panicle-like cymes, +- terminal, leafy-bracted. Flower: calyx +- deep-5-lobed, enlarged in fruit; corolla 5-lobed, +- salverform, dull red-purple, drying +- blue or not, appendages large, purple; style entire. Fruit: nutlets generally 4, spreading, 5--8 mm diam, disk-shaped, short-barbed-prickly, adaxial attachment scar at tip. Etymology: (Greek: dog tongue) Note: As traditionally circumscribed, Cynoglossum is not monophyletic. Native CA species are now treated in Adelinia and Andersonglossum based on molecular phylogenetic studies (Weigend et al. 2013; Cohen 2015). eFlora Treatment Author: Ronald B. Kelley Reference: Weigend et al. 2013 Mol Phylogenet Evol 68:604--618; Cohen 2015 Syst Bot 40:611--619
Cynoglossum officinale L.
NATURALIZED Stem: 1, 3--12 dm, +- soft-hairy. Leaf: soft-hairy; basal petiole 4--10 cm, unwinged, blade 8--20 cm, oblanceolate or narrow-elliptic, base tapered; cauline many. Inflorescence: +- among leaves; pedicels 5--12 mm. Flower: corolla 3--5 mm, limb 4--9 mm diam. Fruit: nutlets descending-spreading, abaxially +- flat, margin raised. Chromosomes: 2n=24. Ecology: Disturbed areas, often associated with logging activities; Elevation: 850--1850 m. Bioregional Distribution: KR, CaRH, n SNH; Distribution Outside California: North America; native to Eurasia. Flowering Time: May--Jul Jepson eFlora Author: Ronald B. Kelley Reference: Weigend et al. 2013 Mol Phylogenet Evol 68:604--618; Cohen 2015 Syst Bot 40:611--619 Index of California Plant Names (ICPN; linked via the Jepson Online Interchange) View the CDFA Pest Rating page for Cynoglossum officinale Weed listed by Cal-IPC Previous taxon: Cynoglossum Next taxon: Echium
Citation for this treatment: Ronald B. Kelley 2021, Cynoglossum officinale, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, Revision 9, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=21753, accessed on April 17, 2024.
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) 2024, Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/, accessed on April 17, 2024.
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(Note: any qualifiers in the taxon distribution description, such as 'northern', 'southern', 'adjacent' etc., are not reflected in the map above, and in some cases indication of a taxon in a subdivision is based on a single collection or author-verified occurence).
Data provided by the participants of the
Consortium of California Herbaria.
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CCH collections by month
Duplicates counted once; synonyms included.
Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa, if there are more than 1 infraspecific taxon in CA.
Blue line denotes eFlora flowering time (fruiting time in some monocot genera).