Common Name: MALLOW FAMILY Habit: Annual to tree; generally with stellate hairs, often with bristles or peltate scales; juice generally mucilage-like; bark fibrous. Leaf: generally cauline, alternate, petioled, simple [palmate-compound], generally palmate-lobed and/or veined, generally toothed, evergreen or not; stipules persistent or not. Inflorescence: head, spike, raceme, or panicle, in panicle or not (a compound panicle), or flowers >= 1 in leaf axils, or flowers generally 1 opposite a leaf or on a spur; bracts leaf-like or not; bractlets 0 or on flowering stalks, often closely subtending calyx, generally in involucel. Flower: generally bisexual, radial; sepals 5, generally fused at base, abutting in bud, larger in fruit or not, nectaries as tufts of glandular hairs at base; petals (0)5, free from each other but generally fused at base to, falling with filament tube, clawed or not; stamens 5--many, filaments fused for most of length into tube around style, staminodes 5, alternate stamens, or generally 0; pistil 1, ovary superior, stalked or generally not, chambers generally >= 5, styles or style branches, stigmas generally 1 or 1--2 × chamber number. Fruit: loculicidal capsule, [berry], or 5--many, disk- or wedge-shaped segments (= mericarps). Genera In Family: 266 genera, 4025 species: worldwide, especially warm regions; some cultivated (e.g., Abelmoschus okra; Alcea hollyhock; Gossypium cotton; Hibiscus hibiscus). Note: Recently treated to include Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae. Mature fruit needed for identification; "outer edges" are surfaces between sides and back (abaxial surface) of segment. "Flower stalk" used instead of "pedicel," "peduncle," especially where both needed (i.e., when flowers both 1 in leaf axils and otherwise). eFlora Treatment Author: Steven R. Hill, except as noted Scientific Editor: Steven R. Hill, Thomas J. Rosatti.
Common Name: BUSHMALLOW Habit: Shrubs, sometimes spreading by rhizomes; sparsely to densely stellate-hairy and simple-glandular-hairy, flowers sometimes also with simple or 2-branched nonglandular hairs; stellate hairs stalked or not, 3--40-branched; glandular hairs not branched, often << stellate hairs. Stem: erect to ascending. Leaf: petioled; blades ovate to round (rarely diamond-shaped or +- reniform), unlobed or 3--7-palmate-lobed, margins generally toothed, bases cordate to truncate or wedge-shaped; stipules awl-shaped or linear to lanceolate or sometimes curved; transitioning in inflorescence into bracts +- resembling stipules. Inflorescence: Head-like to spike-like to panicle-like; bracts subtending the often highly reduced inflorescence internodes awl-shaped to linear to triangular to +- round, sometimes curved, occasionally 2--5-lobed, if 2-lobed resembling fused pair of +- modified stipules, smaller bracts sometimes deciduous; bractlets in whorl of 3 subtending calyx, distinct (occasionally fused at base in M. aboriginum), generally awl-shaped to linear, occasionally oblong or narrowly elliptic to ovate, green or partially to all red. Flower: calyx 5-lobed, not enlarging after flowering, not inflated, lobes triangular to ovate, tips acute to acuminate; petals exceeding calyx, unevenly obovate with rounded tip entire to notched or somewhat ragged-margined, pink to occasionally white and often varying in populations, generally drying closed after pollination or in some taxa drying partially to fully open; stamen tube +- included, filaments terminal and subterminal; ovary of 7--14 carpels, ovules 1 per cell, styles 7--14-branched, branches equal in number to carpels, stigmas head-like. Fruit: +- disk-like, fragile when dry, tip minutely stellate-hairy; segments 7--14, drying tan, 1-celled, wide-elliptic to obovoid-reniform, often notched near base, smooth-walled, fully dehiscent with each fruit segment splitting into two separate halves, beak 0. Chromosomes: 2n=34. Etymology: (Greek: malakos, soft, thamnos, shrub) Note: Measurements for dry specimens; measurements for fresh specimens also provided in key. All Malacothamnus taxa can presumably hybridize; planting Malacothamnus taxa outside their natural range could threaten resident populations, a special concern for rare taxa. Hybridization/intergradation common where geographic ranges of some taxa meet; outside these zones of morphologically intermediate or intergrading plants, identification relatively simple and taxa relatively distinct. Such transition zones mostly between two taxa making parent taxa of intermediates easy to deduce; ranges of 3+ species abut near Santa Clarita making parentage of intermediate plants there unclear. Seeds generally germinate after fires in areas where woody plants burned; plants often short-lived, +- 5 years, but some may persist 20+ years post-burn. eFlora Treatment Author: Keir Morse Unabridged Reference: Morse 2023 Malacothamnus Volume 3 -- A Revised Treatment of the Genus Malacothamnus Based on Morphological and Phylogenetic Evidence https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.23937066
Common Name: UNFURLED BUSHMALLOW Habit: <= 6 m, occasionally spreading by rhizomes. Stem: densely stellate-hairy, surface sometimes visible through hairs without magnification, stellate hairs with branches <= 1.4 mm, many stalked or mostly unstalked, stalks <= 2.1 mm, glandular hairs <= 0.1 mm (mean per plant < 0.1 mm). Leaf: blades +- round to widely ovate or +- reniform, length generally >= width, unlobed or obscurely to moderately 3--7-lobed, lobes rounded to acute, bases wedge-shaped to cordate, surfaces ashy green to light green adaxially, paler abaxially, stellate hairs with branches <= 1.4 mm, many stalked or mostly unstalked, stalks <= 1.5 mm, abaxial stellate hair density 0.5--2× adaxial, glandular hairs < 0.1 mm. Inflorescence: spike-like to panicle-like; bracts subtending inflorescence internodes narrowly triangular or linear to oblong, sometimes curved, occasionally shallowly 2-lobed, 2--11 mm, 0.5--2(3) mm wide, length 1.5--14(19) × width; bractlets subtending calyx linear, 3--13 mm, 0.2--1 mm wide, length 5--37.5× width, 0.4--1.2× calyx, generally green and red. Flower: calyx 5--14.5 mm, lobes 2.5--10.5 mm × 2--5 mm, lobe at base 2--4(5) mm wide, widest at base or <= 2 mm above base, length 0.8--3.2× width, triangular or ovate, tip acute to acuminate, abaxial calyx veins rarely with some thread-like to branched outgrowths covered in stellate hairs, abaxial calyx stellate hairs with branches 0.1--1.9 mm, many stalked, stalks <= 1.8 mm, abaxial glandular hairs < 0.1--0.4 mm (mean per plant < 0.1--0.2 mm); corolla drying somewhat to fully open, petals to +- 2 cm. Note: Distinguished from other species except M. astrotentaculatus and aberrant plants of other taxa by corollas generally drying +- open (not closed) after pollination. Var. fremontii differs from var. exfibulosus by longer stellate hair branches on stem and greater tendency towards cordate (rather than obtuse or truncate) leaf bases. First year plants of var. exfibulosus may have longer stem hairs and key to var. fremontii.
Malacothamnus fremontii (Torr. ex A. Gray) Greene var. fremontii
NATIVE Habit: Generally <= 2(rarely 6) m, occasionally spreading by rhizomes. Stem: surface sometimes visible through hairs without magnification, stellate hairs with branches <= 1.4 mm (mean per plant 0.3--0.7 mm), many stalked, stalks <= 2.1 mm, glandular hairs <= 0.1 mm (mean per plant < 0.1 mm). Leaf: blades +- round to widely ovate, length generally >= width, unlobed or obscurely to moderately 3--7-lobed, lobes rounded to acute, bases often cordate, occasionally truncate to obtuse, surfaces ashy green to light green adaxially, paler abaxially, stellate hairs with branches <= 1.4 mm (mean per plant 0.5--0.8 mm), many stalked, stalks <= 1.5 mm, abaxial stellate hair density 1--2× adaxial, glandular hairs < 0.1 mm. Inflorescence: bracts subtending inflorescence internodes 2.5--11 mm, 0.5--2(3) mm wide, length 2.5--14(19) × width; bractlets subtending calyx 3--13 mm, 0.2--1 mm wide, length 5--37.5× width, 0.4--1.2× calyx. Flower: calyx 5--12.5(14.5) mm, lobes (2.5)4--10.5 mm × 2--5 mm, lobe at base 2--4(5) mm wide, widest at base or <= 2 mm above base, length 0.8--3.2× width, abaxial stellate hairs with branches 0.1--1.9 mm (mean per plant 0.4--1.1 mm), many stalked, stalks <= 1.8 mm, abaxial glandular hairs < 0.1--0.4 mm (mean per plant < 0.1--0.2 mm). Ecology: Early-recovering post-burn woody vegetation, edges of openings, some plants occasionally persisting into more mature vegetation stages; Elevation: 50--1000 m. Bioregional Distribution: n NCoRI, w SN, GV, e SnFrB. Flowering Time: (Apr)May--Jun(Jul) Note: Tentatively includes subsp. cercophorum (= M. howellii), for plants tending to have longer calyces and calyx-subtending bractlets and generally with panicle-like (not spike-like) inflorescences; morphological boundaries unclear (more study needed). Intermediates of var. fremontii with M. orbiculatus, occurring near State Route 190 east of Springville (s SN), more closely resemble var. fremontii but flowers dry mostly closed. Intermediates of var. fremontii and M. arcuatus var. elmeri occur near both taxa at Lime Ridge Open Space in vicinity of Mt. Diablo (e SnFrB); some plants more closely resembling M. arcuatus var. elmeri have longer stellate hair branches and flowers that may dry somewhat open, as in var. fremontii. Synonyms: Malvastrum fremontii Torr. ex A. Gray; Malveopsis fremontii (Torr. ex A. Gray) Greene; Sphaeralcea fremontii (Torr. ex A. Gray) Jeps.; Malvastrum fremontii var. cercophorum B.L. Rob.; Sphaeralcea fremontii var. cercophora (B.L. Rob.) Jeps.; Malacothamnus fremontii subsp. cercophorus (B.L. Rob.) Munz; Malvastrum howellii Eastw.; Malacothamnus howellii (Eastw.) Kearney; Malvastrum howellii var. cordatum Eastw. Jepson eFlora Author: Keir Morse Index of California Plant Names (ICPN; linked via the Jepson Online Interchange) Previous taxon: Malacothamnus fremontii var. exfibulosus Next taxon: Malacothamnus involucratus
Citation for this treatment: Keir Morse 2023, Malacothamnus fremontii var. fremontii, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, Revision 12, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=108341, accessed on December 03, 2024.
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) 2024, Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/, accessed on December 03, 2024.
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