Caulerpa peltata Lamouroux, 1809b: 332 (type locality: Antilles, West Indies).—J. Agardh, 1873: 37–38.— Dickie, 1874b: 197.— De Toni, 1889: 478–479.— Hieronymus, 1895b: 24.— Weber-van Bosse, 1898: 375–376, pl. XXXI: fig. 9 ("var. typica'').— A. Gepp & E. Gepp, 1905: 339.— Svedelius, 1906a: 131–132, figs. 31–34.— Weber-van Bosse, 1913a: 110–111 ("var. typica'').— De Toni, 1923: 479.— Iyengar, 1927: 188.— Ernst, 1931: 462.— Børgesen, 1932a: 62–63, figs. 5a,b ("var. typica'').— S. Dixit, 1933: 35, pl. 7.— Børgesen, 1935: 30.— Jadin, 1935: 156.— P. Anand, 1940: 5, 7, 34–35, fig. 17A.— Børgesen, 1940: 51 ("var. typica'').— Gilbert, 1942: 22–23 ("var. typica'').— Børgesen, 1946: 39–40 ("var. typica'').— Børgesen, 1952: 11 ("var. typica'').— Børgesen, 1953: 9.— Chacko, Mahadevan, & R. Ganesan, 1955: 11.— E. Lewis & Gonzalves, 1959: 54, 55 ("var. typica'').— Varma, 1959: 248.— E. Lewis & Gonzalves, 1960a: 109, table 3 ("var. typica'').— E. Lewis & Gonzalves, 1960b: 203, 204, 205 ("var. typica'').— K. Srinivasan, 1960b: 457.— Durairatnam, 1961a: 27–28.— Varma, 1961: 221, 224.— Nizamuddin, 1964b: 205–206, figs. 6, 6a, pl. 3.— Salim, 1965: 193.— S. Dixit, 1966: 6.— W.R. Taylor, 1966a: 350 (var. peltata).— E. Lewis, 1967: 299, 304.— W.R. Taylor, 1967: 49.— Lawson, 1969: 334.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1969d: 39.— V. Krishnamurthy & H. Joshi, 1970: 6.— Gopalakrishnan, 1971: table I.— Rhyne, 1971: 50.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1972: 221.— K. Srinivasan, 1973: 41, pl. XLI.— Durairatnam & Ragunathamuthaliar, 1976: 655, table 1.— Islam, 1976: 19, pl. 6: figs. 50–52; pl. 12: fig. 93.— Jaasund, 1976: 27, fig. 53.— Jaasund, 1977d: 513.— Subbaramaiah, Nair, & V. Krishnamurthy, 1977: 74.— Agadi, Bhosle, & Untawale, 1978: 248.— Agadi & Untawale, 1978: 64, table 2.— Chauhan, 1978: table 4.— Shameel, 1978a: 277–282, tables 1, 2.— Titlyanova & Butorin, 1978: 21.— Dhargalkar, Jagtap, & Untawale, 1980: table 2.— Farghaly, 1980: 87.— Lawson, 1980: 5.— Nair, Sobha, & Arunachalam, 1982: 267 (table 1).— Capon, Ghisalberti, & Jefferies, 1983: 1467.— Gopinathan & Panigrahy, 1983: 49.— Teo & Wee, 1983: 57, fig. 55.— Untawale, Dhargalkar, & Agadi, 1983: [12], fig. 10.— Aleem, 1984: 923.— Barratt et al., 1984: species list.— Untawale & Jagtap, 1984: 100 (table 1).— Agadi, 1985: 37.— Jagtap, 1985a: 46.— Mshigeni, 1985: 11, 14.— Payri, 1985: 640.— Phang, 1985: color photo on p. 20.— R. Qasim & Barkati, 1985: table 2.— Sobha & Nair, 1985: 21.— P. Subba Rao et al., 1985: 32.— Subbaramaiah, 1985: 142.— Nair et al., 1986: 735.— Chennubhotla, Kaliaperumal, & Kalimuthu, 1987a: 100–101.— Shameel, 1987a: 513.— Shameel & Afaq Hussain, 1987: 294.— Banaimoon, 1988a: 216.— Sobha, Devi, & Nair, 1988: 35.— Awasthi, 1989: 78, tables 1, 4.— Duraiswamy, 1989: figs. 2a, 4i, 5b, 6i, 8c, 9b, 11p, table 2.— Pant & Untawale, 1989: tables 4, 7.— Untawale, Reddy, & Deshmukhe, 1989: fig. 2, table 1.— Zahid, 1989: 99, table 1.— Duraiswamy, 1990b: 32–36, figs. 2, 10D, table III.— Ghisalberti & Jefferies, 1990: 98, table 3.— Jayasankar, Ramalingam, & Kaliaperumal, 1990: table 1.— V. Krishnamurthy et al., 1990: fig. 5.— Nair et al., 1990: table 2.— Phang & Wee, 1991: 57.— D. Rao et al., 1991: tables 1, 2.— Sofiamma et al., 1991: tables I–IV.— D. Subramanian, 1991: 70.— Subramonia Thangam & Kathiresan, 1991: 84.— Thomas & Subbaramaiah, 1991a: 205, table 2.— Kalimuthu, Kaliaperumal, & Ramalingam, 1992: 121.— Kalugina-Gutnik, Perestenko, & Titlyanova, 1992: 23 (table 1).— Kamat et al., 1992: table I.— Shameel & J. Tanaka, 1992: 28.— Titlyanova, Perestenko, & Kalugina-Gutnik, 1992: 45.— Amjad & Shameel, 1993b: 115.— Jayasankar & Ramalingam, 1993: 42.— D. Subramanian, 1993: 207.
Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh var. peltata (Lamouroux) Eubank in Stephenson, 1944: 349 (including Indian Ocean record).—Stephenson, 1947: 295.— Papenfuss & Egerod, 1957: 88.— Sigee, 1966: 69.— Tsuda & Newhouse, 1966: 95.— Isaac, 1967: 76.— J. Price, 1971: 143, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165.— Rhyne, 1971: 50.— Egerod, 1974: 142–143, fig. 41.— Islam, 1974b: 85.— Egerod, 1975: 55–56.— Velasquez & Lewmanomont, 1975: 9.— Hackett, 1977: 23.— Shitole & G. Joshi, 1979: 21.— Seagrief, 1980: 21, fig. on pl. 2.— Waghmode, 1985: 93–97, tables 1, 2.— Chaugule, Quadri, & Goswamy, 1989: 109, fig. 13.— Coppejans & Beeckman, 1989: 388, pl. 4: figs. 27–29.— Coppejans & Prud'homme van Reine, 1992a: 173.— Coppejans & Prud'homme van Reine, 1992b: 696 (ecad peltata).— Kalugina-Gutnik, Perestenko, & Titlyanova, 1992: 23 (table 1).— Titlyanova, Perestenko, & Kalugina-Gutnik, 1992: 45.— Farrell, Critchley, & Aken, 1993: 148.— Naim, 1993: 141.— Wynne, 1993: 22.— Farrell et al., 1994: 280.— Ormond & Banaimoon, 1994: 117.— Wynne, 1995: 330.
Taxonomic synonym:
Caulerpa laetevirens Montagne, 1842a: 13 (type locality: Toud Island [Warrior Islet], Torres Strait, Australia).—Harvey, 1855b: 563.— Heyne, 1927: 35.— Ernst, 1931: 462.— Heyne, 1950: 35.— Chacko, Mahadevan, & R. Ganesan, 1955: 11.— S. Dixit, 1970: 109.— V. Krishnamurthy & H. Joshi, 1970: 5.— Subbaramaiah, Nair, & V. Krishnamurthy, 1977: 74.— Untawale, Dhargalkar, & Agadi, 1983: [12].— Duraiswamy, 1989: figs. 4c, 7a, 11t, table 2.— Duraiswamy, 1990b: 44–47, figs. 5I–O, 10F, table III.— Jayasankar, Ramalingam, & Kaliaperumal, 1990: table 1.— Sofiamma et al., 1991: tables I–IV.— D. Subramanian, 1991: 70.— Kalimuthu, Kaliaperumal, & Ramalingam, 1992: 121.— Sivanand & D. Subramanian, 1993: 30, figs. 1–7, 25.— D. Subramanian, 1993: 207.
Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh var. laetevirens (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse, 1898: 366, 367, pl. XXXIII: figs. 16, 20 ("forma typica'') (including Indian Ocean records).—Børgesen, 1932a: 59–60.— Gilbert, 1942: 21.— Børgesen, 1946: 39.— Zaneveld, 1950: 110.— Børgesen, 1952: 11.— Zaneveld, 1956: 7.— Pocock, 1958: 24.— Zaneveld, 1959: 93, fig. 2.— Nizamuddin, 1964b: 207, figs. 4, 4a, pl. 2a.— Isaac, 1967: 76.— W.R. Taylor, 1967: 50.— Subbaramaiah, 1971b: 21.— K. Srinivasan, 1973: 42.— M. Dave & Parekh, 1975: 42.— R. Parekh, Maru, & Dave, 1977: 360.— Sivalingam, 1977b: 206.— Sartoni, 1978: 406, 408, fig. 4D.— Shameel, 1978a: 277–282, tables 1, 2.— Sivalingam, 1978a: 329.— Lawson, 1980: 5.— Allender, 1981: 22.— Sobha & Nair, 1985: 21.— Coppejans & Beeckman, 1989: 386, pl. 4: figs. 21, 22.— Phang & Wee, 1991: 57.— Farrell, Critchley, & Aken, 1993: 148.
Misapplied name (fide Coppejans & Beeckman, 1989: 386):
Caulerpa occidentalis.—Jaasund, 1976: 25, fig. 52.— Jaasund, 1977a: 334.— Jaasund, 1977d: 513.— Lawson, 1980: 5.
INDIAN OCEAN DISTRIBUTION: Aldabra Islands, Andaman Islands, Australia, Bangladesh, Christmas Island, Comoro Islands, Diego Garcia Atoll, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Laccadive Islands, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nicobar Islands, Oman, Pakistan, Réunion, Seychelles (including Mahé Island), Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Yemen.
Note: Although numerous authors have followed Eubank (l.c.) in treating Caulerpa peltata as a variety of C. racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh, others, including Womersley & Bailey (1970: 275) and Shameel (1978a: 280–281), have continued to recognize it as a distinct species. Recently, Ohba & Enomoto (1987) and Ohba, Nashima, & Enomoto (1992: 589), using cross-gradient cultures, have shown that peltata-type assimilators are formed under conditions of low light intensity and high temperatures while assimilators characteristic of C. racemosa var. laetevirens are formed under conditions of high light intensity and low temperatures. The results were the same whether the inoculating stock was C. peltata or C. racemosa var. laetevirens. Coppejans (1992: 397, 401) and Coppejans & Prud'homme van Reine (1992b: 693) treated these two morphological expressions as C. racemosa ecad peltata and C. racemosa ecad laetevirens. Millar & Kraft (1994b: 438) expressed uncertainty that completely discoid forms are peltate ecads of C. racemosa. While we believe that ecad peltata and ecad laetevirens are conspecific, their relationship to other components of C. racemosa has not been clarified. In the interim, we retain C. peltata as a separate species with C. laetevirens Montagne as a synonym.Jaasund (1976; 1977d), in employing the binomial Caulerpa occidentalis, intended to elevate C. chemnitzia var. occidentalis J. Agardh to specific rank, but the combination was not validly published since he failed to comply with the requirements of Art. 33.2, initially (1976) omitting the basionym and later (1977d) citing the basionym but not its place of publication. In an alternative treatment, Jaasund (1977a) applied this binomial to a new species, for which he provided a Latin diagnosis, but again the name was not validly published since he did not indicate a type and thus failed to satisfy Art. 37.1.