Ceramium clavulatum C. Agardh, 1822: 2 (type locality: Callao, Peru).—C. Agardh, 1828: 152–153.— Krauss, 1846: 212.— Hauck, 1888 [1886–1889]: 87.— De Toni, 1903: 1491–1493.— A. Gepp & E. Gepp, 1905: 341.— Svedelius, 1906b: 196, 197.— Reinbold, 1907: 576.— Reinbold, 1908: 199.— Lucas, 1909: 53.— Schröder, 1912: 302.— Lucas & Perrin, 1947: 370.— Post, 1964: 595.— Post, 1968a: fig. 5.— Post, 1968b: 277.
Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne, 1846b: 140.—J. Agardh, 1851 [1851–1863]: 148–149.— Harvey, 1855b: 557.— Harvey, 1857a: no. 43.— Harvey, 1863: xlvii.— Dickie, 1874b: 197.— Sonder, 1880: 13.— G. Murray, 1887: 23.— Askenasy, 1888: 39–40, pl. VIII: figs. 10–12.— Barton, 1893: 114.— Schmitz, 1895a: 140.— Schmitz, 1895b: 28.— Børgesen, 1934a: 18.— Børgesen, 1934b: 41.— Børgesen, 1935: 57.— Jadin, 1935: 170.— Børgesen, 1936: 92.— Børgesen, 1937a: 49.— Eyre, Broekhuysen, & Crichton, 1938: 101.— Eyre & Stephenson, 1938: 30.— Kylin, 1938: 15.— Børgesen, 1939b: 118.— S. Dixit, 1940a: 98.— S. Dixit, 1941: 127.— P. Anand, 1943b: 25–26, fig. 16.— Stephenson, 1944: 299, 350.— Børgesen, 1945: 10–11.— Stephenson, 1947: 302.— Thivy, 1952: 174.— Børgesen, 1953: 51–52.— Chacko, Mahadevan, & R. Ganesan, 1955: 12.— Newton, 1955a: 101.— Newton, 1955b: 143.— Gerloff, 1957: 768–769.— Isaac & Chamberlain, 1958: 153.— Pocock, 1958: 27.— Hodgkin, Marsh, & G.G. Smith, 1959: 87.— Durairatnam, 1961a: 66.— Baissac, Lubet, & Michel, 1962: 262.— Hodgkin & Michel, 1963: 131.— Hommersand, 1963: 241, 243–244, figs. 29, 30a, pl. 3b.— E. Lewis, 1963a: 137, tables I–III.— Sitakara Rao & Tipnis, 1964: 17.— Umamaheswara Rao & Sreeramulu, 1964: 600.— V. May, 1965: 371.— Salim, 1965: 194, 195.— S. Dixit, 1966: 18.— Isaac, 1967: 81.— V. Krishnamurthy, 1967b: 221.— E. Lewis, 1967: 300, 304, 305.— W. Isaac & F. Isaac, 1968: 11, 25.— Lawson, 1969: 333, fig. 2.— Simons, 1969: 254, fig. (s.n.).— Umamaheswara Rao, 1969d: 47.— H. Dave, Sitakara Rao, & Tipnis, 1970: 69.— V. Krishnamurthy & H. Joshi, 1970: 23.— Nizamuddin & Gessner, 1970: 11.— Sreenivasa Rao & Kale, 1970: 80.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1970a: 5, figs. 32, 33.— Umamaheswara Rao & Sreeramulu, 1970a: 42, figs. 46, 47, 62–64.— Umamaheswara Rao & Sreeramulu, 1970b: 47, 48, 49.— Rhyne, 1971: 57.— Subbaramaiah, 1971b: 21.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1972: 221.— Islam, 1974b: 88.— Subbaramaiah, 1974: 59.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1974a: 302.— Sartoni, 1975: 298.— Hartnoll, 1976: 8.— Islam, 1976: 59, pl. 53: fig. 310; pl. 63: figs. 377, 378.— Jaasund, 1976: 109, fig. 222.— Sartoni, 1976: 134 (`clavatum').— Basson et al., 1977: 226, fig. 138.— Hackett, 1977: 14.— Jaasund, 1977b: 406.— Simons, 1977: 61, fig. 188.— Brown & Jarman, 1978: 1254, 1255, 1256.— Chauhan, 1978: table 4.— Chauhan & Mairh, 1978: 35.— Titlyanova & Butorin, 1978: 27.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1978: 54.— Basson, 1979: 72, pl. XII: fig. 65.— Knutzen & Jaasund, 1979: 3.— Naqvi et al., 1979: 456.— Dhargalkar, Jagtap, & Untawale, 1980: table 2.— Farghaly, 1980: 164.— V. Krishnamurthy, 1980: 55.— Lawson, 1980: 36.— Moorjani, 1980b: 460, 463.— Russell, 1981: 466.— Sreenivasa Rao & Parekh, 1981: 578.— Zahid, Begum, & Nizamuddin, 1981: 198, 210.— Nair, Sobha, & Arunachalam, 1982: 267 (table 1).— Gopinathan & Panigrahy, 1983: 51.— Untawale, Dhargalkar, & Agadi, 1983: [34].— Barratt et al., 1984: species list.— Mageswaran & Sivasubramaniam, 1984a: 175.— Mageswaran & Sivasubramaniam, 1984b: tables 1–5.— McCain, 1984: 98.— Usmanghani et al., 1984: 76.— Agadi, 1985: 38.— Balasundaram, 1985: 180 ff.— Jayasree, Solimabi, & Kamat, 1985: table 1.— Kalugina-Gutnik, 1985: 96, 97.— Mageswaran, V. Balakrishnan, & Balasubramaniam, 1985: table 1.— Mshigeni, 1985: 18.— Payri, 1985: 640.— Sobha & Nair, 1985: 23.— P. Subba Rao et al., 1985: 34.— B. Subramanian, 1985a: 72, 76.— Banaimoon, 1986: 131.— Bolton, 1986: 253.— D. Jones, 1986: 34, pl. 9.— Lambert & Steinke, 1986a: 54.— Nair et al., 1986: 737.— Raghukumar, 1986b: 42.— Sahoo & Jain, 1986: 1089–1091, figs. 1–6.— Sahoo & Vijayaraghavan, 1986: 24–28, figs. 1–6.— Sartoni, 1986: 371, figs. 8C, 10A.— Usmanghani & Shameel, 1986: table 1.— Annapurna & B. Rao, 1987b: 771.— Ardré, 1987: 283, figs. 36, 37.— Bolton & Stegenga, 1987: 171.— Chennubhotla, Kaliaperumal, & Kalimuthu, 1987a: 108–109, fig. 13C.— M. Dave et al., 1987: table 1.— Jagtap, 1987: table 1.— Oyieke & Ruwa, 1987: 82, 84, 91.— Raghukumar, 1987a: table 1.— Shameel, 1987a: 514.— Shameel & Afaq Hussain, 1987: 297.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1987a: 23.— Kendrick, Walker, & McComb, 1988: 204, table 1.— Moorjani & Simpson, 1988: 26, fig. on p. 27.— Seagrief, 1988: 62, fig. 5:13.— Tewari & H. Joshi, 1988: 393, 394, tables VI, IX.— Al-Hasan & W. Jones, 1989: 303, pl. 8: fig. 69.— R. Anderson & Stegenga, 1989: 302, 304.— Basson, Mohamed, & Arora, 1989: 36.— Pant & Untawale, 1989: table 4.— Shameel, Afaq-Husain, & Shahid-Husain, 1989: 180.— Untawale, Reddy, & Deshmukhe, 1989: tables 1, 2.— Bolton & Stegenga, 1990: 237.— Chennubhotla, Mathew, & Joseph, 1990: 1.— Huisman et al., 1990: 96.— Huisman & Walker, 1990: 420.— Kendrick, Huisman, & Walker, 1990: 51.— V. Krishnamurthy & Balasundaram, 1990: 11, figs. 4, 5, table I.— V. Krishnamurthy et al., 1990: 271, figs. 3–8.— M. Ganesan et al., 1991b: 205, table 2.— Hayee-Memon, Shameel, Usmanghani, Ahmad, & Ahmad, 1991b: 137.— Rajendran et al., 1991: tables 1, 2.— D. Rao et al., 1991: tables 1, 2.— Sofiamma et al., 1991: 56, tables I–IV.— Thomas & Subbaramaiah, 1991a: 202, table 2.— Vidyavathi & Sridhar, 1991: fig. 2.— Basson, 1992: 226.— Bhakuni et al., 1992: 514.— Jagtap, 1992: 57.— Kalimuthu, Kaliaperumal, & Ramalingam, 1992: 124.— Kalugina-Gutnik, Perestenko, & Titlyanova, 1992: 20 (table 1).— Kamat et al., 1992: table I.— Maya & Nair, 1992: 26.— Naqvi et al., 1992: 136.— Raghukumar, Nagarkar, & Raghukumar, 1992: fig. 1, table 1.— Shameel & J. Tanaka, 1992: 51.— Stegenga & Bolton, 1992: fig. 3, table I.— Titlyanova, Perestenko, & Kalugina-Gutnik, 1992: 43.— Zvyagintsev & Ivin, 1992: tables 2–4.— Farrell, Critchley, & Aken, 1993: 151.— Jagtap, 1993: table I.— Kalugina-Gutnik, 1993: 56.— Menon et al., 1993: 59.— Nair et al., 1993: 186, 192, 193.— Ballesteros, 1994: 538.— Branch et al., 1994: 336, pl. 160.9.— Farrell et al., 1994: 280.— Ormond & Banaimoon, 1994: 118.— Scheibling, 1994: 143.
Taxonomic synonyms:
* Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth var. borbonicum C. Agardh, 1824: 134 (type locality: Réunion).
Ceramium clavulatum C. Agardh var. borbonicum (C. Agardh) C. Agardh, 1828: 153.
Centroceras cryptacanthum Kützing, 1842: 741 (type locality: Antilles, West Indies).
Ceramium cryptacanthum (Kützing) Sonder, 1848 [1846–1848]: 167.
Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne var. cryptacanthum (Kützing) Grunow, 1867: 65.—Sonder, 1879: 84.— Lawson, 1980: 36.
Centroceras hyalacanthum Kützing, 1842: 742 (type locality: "Wahrscheinlich aus Westindien'').—G. Martens, 1868: 84–85.— G. Murray, 1887: 23.
Ceramium hyalacanthum (Kützing) Sonder, 1848 [1846–1848]: 167–168.
Centroceras macracanthum Kützing, 1842: 741 (type locality: Brazil).—G. Murray, 1887: 23.
Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne var. macracanthum (Kützing) Grunow, 1874: 31.—Piccone, 1886: 53.
Centroceras oxyacanthum Kützing, 1842: 742 (type locality: Cuba).—Nizamuddin & Gessner, 1970: 11.— S. Dixit, 1980: 76.
Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne var. oxyacanthum (Kützing) Grunow, 1867: 65.
Centroceras brachyacanthum Kützing, 1863a: 8, pl. 20: figs. d–f (type locality: Antilles, West Indies).—G. Murray, 1887: 23.
Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne var. brachyacanthum (Kützing) P. Crouan & H. Crouan in Mazé & Schramm, 1878: 151.—Piccone, 1886: 53–54.
Misapplied name (fide Montagne, 1846a: 53):
Boryna ciliata.—Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1834: 177.
INDIAN OCEAN DISTRIBUTION: Aldabra Islands, Amsterdam Island, Andaman Islands, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Chagos Archipelago (Egmont Atoll), Christmas Island, Diego Garcia Atoll, India, Iran, Kenya, Kuwait, Laccadive Islands, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nicobar Islands, Oman, Pakistan, Réunion, St. Paul Island, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Yemen.
Note: The synonymy was proposed by J. Agardh (1851 [1851–1863]: 148–149).