Fucus verrucosus Hudson, 1762: 470–471 (type locality: England).
Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss, 1950b: 195.—Newton, 1953: 397, 399, 414.— Pocock, 1955: 73, 74, 75.— Isaac, 1956b: 176.— Durairatnam, 1961a: 61–62, pl. XIV: fig. 7.— Tagawa, Tateyama, & Kojima, 1961: 71–78, tables 1–10.— Thivy, 1964: 27.— Durairatnam, 1965: 29–34.— Desikachary, 1967: 10, pl. II: fig. 2.— Isaac, 1967: 80.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1967: 125.— Oza & V. Krishnamurthy, 1968a: 118–121, figs. 1, 2.— Oza & V. Krishnamurthy, 1968b: 84–86, figs. 1–19.— V. Krishnamurthy, 1969b: 664, 665.— Lawson, 1969: 334.— Simons, 1969: 256, fig. (s.n.).— Umamaheswara Rao, 1969c: 716, 719.— S. Dixit, 1970: 121.— V. Krishnamurthy & H. Joshi, 1970: 21.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1970a: 5, fig. 30.— J. Price, 1971: 167, 168.— K. Srinivasan, 1973: 15, pl. XV.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1973c: 688.— V. Krishnamurthy & Subbaramaiah, 1974: 262, 265.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1974b: 690–691, figs. 5a,b.— Chennubhotla, Najmuddin, & Nayak, 1977: 87, 90.— K. Pillay, 1977b: 54.— Rama Rao, 1977c: table 2.— Simons, 1977: 53, fig. 159.— Thomas, 1977: 78–81, figs. 1, 2.— Agadi, Bhosle, & Untawale, 1978: 248.— Agadi & Untawale, 1978: 66, table 2.— Chauhan & Mairh, 1978: 35.— M. Joseph, 1978a: 18.— M. Joseph, 1978b: 39.— Pattnaik & Mohanty, 1978: 6–7.— Durairatnam, 1979: 58.— Mohanty & Pattnaik, 1979: 4.— Dhargalkar, Jagtap, & Untawale, 1980: table 2.— Lawson, 1980: 48.— Nair & Thampy, 1980: 279.— Allender, 1981: 19, 20, 22.— Day, 1981: 96.— Pasaribu, 1981: 151.— Ramachandran et al., 1981: 317–319, fig. (s.n.), table I.— Solimabi et al., 1981: table 1.— Mshigeni, 1982: 133, 146.— Thivy, 1982: 55, 56.— Gopinathan & Panigrahy, 1983: 51.— Untawale, Dhargalkar, & Agadi, 1983: [32].— Jagtap, 1985a: 47.— V. Krishnamurthy, 1985b: table 1.— Shunula, 1985: 68, table 1.— P. Subba Rao et al., 1985: 33.— Subbaramaiah, 1985: 139.— A. Subramanian & Pragatheeswaran, 1985: table 2.— Dhargalkar, 1986a: 33, 34–35, fig. 1, table 1.— V. Krishnamurthy & Rajendran, 1986a: 95, fig. 6.— Nair et al., 1986: 737.— Padmakumar & Ayyakkannu, 1986: 188, table 1.— Chennubhotla, Kaliaperumal, & Kalimuthu, 1987a: 106–107, figs. 12A,B.— Shameel, 1987a: 514.— Shameel & Afaq Hussain, 1987: 297.— Umamaheswara Rao, 1987a: 25.— Banaimoon, 1988b: 239.— Seagrief, 1988: 56, fig. 5:10.— R. Anderson, Simons, & Jarman, 1989: 286–287.— Oza, Tewari, & Rajyaguru, 1989: 82–86, figs. 2–4, table 1.— Pant & Untawale, 1989: tables 4, 5, 7.— Shameel, Afaq-Husain, & Shahid-Husain, 1989: 180.— Yarish & Wamukoya, 1990: table 2.— M. Ganesan et al., 1991a: 112, table 2.— Kathiresan & Kalaiselvi, 1991: 132, tables 1, 2.— V. Krishnamurthy, 1991: table V.— Adams, Knoop, & Bate, 1992: 220, 222.— Adhikary & Sahu, 1992: 203.— S. Balakrishnan, Ravichandran, & Kaliaperumal, 1992: 65.— Banaimoon, 1992: 166, table I.— Bhakuni et al., 1992: 515.— Coppejans, Beeckman, & De Wit, 1992: 64.— Premnathan et al., 1992: table I.— Shameel & J. Tanaka, 1992: 47.— Kaliaperumal & Kalimuthu, 1993: 9, 11.— Oyieke, 1993: 613–619.— Oyieke & Kokwaro, 1993: 123.— Branch et al., 1994: 330, pl. 157.5.— Ormond & Banaimoon, 1994: 118.— Oyieke & Kokwaro, 1995: 45.
Gracilaria confervoides Greville, 1830: liv, 123, nom. illeg.—Harvey, 1855b: 550.— J. Agardh, 1876: 413.— Sonder, 1880: 22.— G. Murray, 1887: 26.— Schmitz, 1895a: 139.— Schmitz, 1895b: 27.— Schmitz & Hauptfleisch, 1897e: 393.— De Toni, 1900: 431–432.— De Toni & Forti, 1923: 26.— Biswas, 1932: 192–193, pl. 30: figs. 21–23, pl. 31: figs. 28–31.— Børgesen, 1934b: 38.— Børgesen, 1936: 85.— Børgesen, 1938b: 221.— P. Anand, 1943b: 58.— Biswas, 1948: 49, pl. XI,1.— Biswas, 1949a: 105.— Thivy, 1952: 174.— Govindachari & Rajagopalan, 1953: 49.— Isaac & Molteno, 1953a: 87, 88.— Isaac & Molteno, 1953b: 102.— Durairatnam & Medcof, 1954: 194, 195, figs. 1, 2, table II.— V. Krishnamurthy, 1954: 174, figs. 3, 4.— Chacko, Mahadevan, & R. Ganesan, 1955: 12.— Zaneveld, 1956: 36–38.— Zaneveld, 1959: 117–118, fig. 21.— Durairatnam, 1961b: 3, 4.— E. Lewis, 1964a: 158, 159, tables II–IV.— V. May, 1965: 392.— Ahmed, 1966: 47–52.— S. Dixit, 1966: 16.— S. Lee, 1966: 271.— E. Lewis, 1967: 304.— Patnaik, 1973: 61.— Patnaik, 1979: 64.— Mahendran et al., 1980: table 1.— Amandakoon, 1981: 181–182.— Chennubhotla, Kaliaperumal, & Kalimuthu, 1981b: 11.— Mageswaran & Sivasubramaniam, 1984a: 175.— Mageswaran & Sivasubramaniam, 1984b: tables 1–4.— Phang & Wee, 1991: 59.
Misapplied name:
Sphaerococcus confervoides.—G. Martens, 1868: 94–95.— G. Martens, 1871b: 468.— Theobald, 1883: 29.
INDIAN OCEAN DISTRIBUTION: Aldabra Islands, Andaman Islands, Australia, Burma (Boronga Islands), India, Kenya, Oman (Kuria Muria Islands), Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Yemen.
Note: All of the foregoing records probably apply to stringy gracilarioids, but whether they apply to species of Gracilaria or to species of Gracilariopsis is unknown. It is all but certain that Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) Steentoft, L. Irvine, & Farnham and Gracilariopsis longissima (S. Gmelin) Steentoft, L. Irvine, & Farnham, the two North Atlantic species that have been confused under the names Gracilaria confervoides and G. verrucosa, do not occur in the Indian Ocean. The complicated taxonomic and nomenclatural history of stringy gracilarioids is discussed in the appended Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Notes.