| | 1. Pedicel generally > calyx; corolla deciduous (except M. breweri), not salverform; placentas axile, fused, not parted by fruit dehiscence (subg. Mimulus) |
| |
| | 2. Perennial; corolla lavender to purple or orange to red — corolla tube-throat > 2 cm |
| |
| | 3. Leaf pinnately veined; corolla lavender to purple, mouth nearly closed by swollen lower lip base (sect. Mimulus) |
| M. ringens |
| | 3' Leaf palmately veined; corolla lavender to purple or orange to red, mouth open (sect. Erythranthe) |
| |
| | 4. Corolla orange to red, anthers, stigma exserted but arched in upper lip |
| M. cardinalis |
| | 4' Corolla lavender to purple, anthers, stigma included |
| M. lewisii |
| | 2' Generally annual; corolla color various, including yellow (if perennial herb, corolla yellow) |
| |
| | 5. Calyx in fruit strongly and asymmetrically swollen, uppermost lobe longest, lowest 2 generally upcurved; corolla yellow, lower lip base generally swollen, ± closing mouth (sect. Simiolus) |
| |
| | 6. Bracts at nodes subtending flowers fused around stem completely, forming ± circular disk, glaucous |
| M. glaucescens |
| | 6' Bracts or leaves at nodes subtending flowers petioled or fused around stem only at their bases, not forming circular disk, not glaucous |
| |
| | 7. Leaves or at least some ± pinnately lobed or dissected into narrow segments |
| M. laciniatus |
| | 7' Leaves ± entire or ± crenate, not pinnately lobed or dissected (but base often irregularly dissected or small-lobed) |
| |
| | 8. Bract or leaf pairs at nodes subtending flowers linear to lanceolate, not fused at base |
| M. nudatus |
| | 8' Bract or leaf pairs at nodes subtending flowers ovate to cordate or round, sometimes fused at base around stem |
| |
| | 9. Flowers generally > 5 in a definite, bracted raceme; annual or perennial herb; corolla tube-throat 2–40 mm; flowers cleistogamous or opening |
| M. guttatus |
| | 9' Flowers 1–5 per stem, solitary in axils of upper leaves, not in bracted raceme; perennial herb; corolla tube-throat 17–45 mm; flowers opening |
| M. tilingii |
| | 5' Calyx in fruit not (or symmetrically) swollen, lobes generally ± equal or lowest 2 longest, not upcurved; corolla yellow or not, lower lip base not swollen, not closing mouth |
| |
| | 10. Calyx lobes ± = tube; plant hairs dense, long, soft, wavy (sect. Mimuloides) |
| M. pilosus |
| | 10' Calyx lobes << tube; plant glabrous, puberulent, or hairs ± straight (sect. Paradanthus) |
| |
| | 11. Perennial; stolons or rhizomes present |
| |
| | 12. Calyx glabrous; leaf palmately 3-veined |
| M. primuloides |
| | 13. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, ± erect, some ± basal but not in rosettes |
| subsp. linearifolius |
| | 13' Leaves oblong to obovate, generally ± spreading in ± distinct rosettes |
| subsp. primuloides |
| | 12' Calyx ± glabrous to hairy; leaf pinnately 5- or more veined |
| |
| | 14. Corolla tube-throat 28–40 mm, tube funnel-shaped, generally > 4 mm wide |
| M. dentatus |
| | 14' Corolla tube-throat 15–26 mm, tube ± cylindric, 2–4 mm wide except at mouth |
| M. moschatus |
| | 11' Annual; stolons and rhizomes 0 |
| |
| |
| | 16. Leaf palmately veined; calyx 8–10(13 in fruit) mm; corolla pinkish to white |
| M. parishii |
| | 16' Leaf pinnately veined or ± so; calyx 3–8 mm; corolla yellow |
| |
| | 17. Corolla lobe bases without large blotches; calyx lobes ± acute; pedicel in fruit not growing away from light |
| M. floribundus |
| | 17' Corolla lobe bases each with 1 large, central, maroon-purple blotch; calyx lobes rounded; pedicel in fruit growing away from light |
| M. norrisii |
| | 15' Calyx tube glabrous to puberulent |
| |
| | 18. Calyx in fruit greatly swollen, membranous; corolla overall lavender or rose to whitish or yellow |
| |
| | 19. Upper leaves sessile; corolla lavender or rose to whitish or yellow |
| |
| | 20. Corolla tube-throat 7–16 mm, limb < 14 mm wide; drained upland areas |
| M. inconspicuus |
| | 20' Corolla tube-throat 7–11 mm, limb 4–6 mm wide; vernally wet depressions |
| M. latidens |
| | 19' Upper leaves petioled; corolla yellow (rarely whitish with pinkish border in M. pulsiferae) |
| |
| | 21. Corolla tube-throat 3–6.5 mm |
| M. breviflorus |
| | 21' Corolla tube-throat 7–13 mm |
| M. pulsiferae |
| | 18' Calyx in fruit slightly enlarging but not or slightly swollen, ± corky or membranous; corolla purple, lavender, yellow, or partly white |
| |
| | 22. Corolla lobes yellow or white |
| |
| | 23. Lower calyx lobes > upper |
| M. alsinoides |
| | 23' Lower calyx lobes ± = upper |
| |
| | 24. Corolla tube-throat 4–10 mm |
| |
| | 25. Corolla tube-throat 6–10 mm; calyx lobes ciliate |
| 2 M. rubellus |
| | 25' Corolla tube-throat 4–6 mm; calyx lobes glabrous |
| M. suksdorfii |
| | 24' Corolla tube-throat 10–19 mm |
| |
| | 26. White corolla lobes 0–4; calyx in fruit ± corky; pedicel in fruit thickened, ± rigid |
| M. bicolor |
| | 26' White corolla lobes 0; calyx in fruit membranous; pedicel in fruit thin, flexible |
| 2 M. montioides |
| | 22' Corolla lobes, or some, maroon, purple, rose, or lavender |
| |
| | 27. Corolla tube-throat generally 2–10 mm (if 8–10 mm, then calyx lobes ciliate, corolla pink to lavender) |
| |
| | 28. Corolla tube-throat 2–3.5 mm and deciduous (or 4.5–8 mm and persistent); calyx lobes puberulent but not ciliate |
| |
| | 29. Calyx 3.5–9 mm, > fruit; corolla tube-throat > 4.5–8 mm, persistent |
| M. breweri |
| | 29' Calyx 2–3.5 mm, < fruit; corolla tube-throat 2–3.5 mm, deciduous |
| M. exiguus |
| | 28' Corolla tube-throat 5–10 mm, deciduous; calyx lobes ± glabrous or ciliate |
| |
| | 30. Calyx lobes ± glabrous |
| M. androsaceus |
| |
| | 31. Corolla limb 5–9 mm wide |
| M. gracilipes |
| | 31' Corolla limb 3–4 mm wide |
| 2 M. rubellus |
| | 27' Corolla tube-throat > 8 mm (if 8–10 mm, calyx lobes not ciliate, some or all corolla lobes maroon or purple) |
| |
| | 32. Upper corolla lip 4-lobed, lower lip of 1 large, notched, yellow lobe |
| M. shevockii |
| | 32' Upper corolla lip of 2 lobes, lower of 3 ± equal, partly yellow or entirely purple lobes, or corolla not lipped |
| |
| | 33. Calyx generally with red-brown spots, in fruit with wide corky ribs, lobes acute to long-tapered |
| M. filicaulis |
| | 33' Calyx generally without spots, in fruit membranous, lobes generally obtuse to truncate |
| |
| | 34. Leaves linear, generally 1–3 mm wide; pedicel 3–25 mm |
| 2 M. montioides |
| | 34' Leaves (at least lower) ovate, > 3 mm wide; pedicel 10–65 mm |
| |
| | 35. Corolla not lipped, tube-throat 10–22 mm, lobes equally colored; upper leaves often ± linear |
| M. palmeri |
| | 35' Corolla strongly 2-lipped, tube-throat 8–13 mm, upper lip darker; upper leaves ovate to elliptic |
| M. purpureus |
| | 1' Pedicel generally < calyx; corolla persistent, (except M. pictus; placentas parietal, parted at least at tip by fruit dehiscence (or fruit hard, indehiscent) (subg. Schizoplacus) |
| |
| | 36. Shrub, subshrub, or perennial herb from woody caudex; calyx 2–4 cm; corolla tube-throat 25–60 mm; leaf edges often rolled under; main leaf axils often with clusters of smaller leaves (sect. Diplacus) |
| |
| | 37. Shrub or subshrub; leaf upper surface glabrous; calyx not swollen at base; corolla generally not yellow; fruit splitting only along upper suture |
| M. aurantiacus |
| | 37' Perennial from woody caudex; leaf upper surface hairy; calyx generally swollen at base; corolla yellow; fruit 4-valved at tip |
| M. clevelandii |
| | 36' Annual, rarely per; calyx generally < 2 cm, corolla tube-throat generally < 25 mm; leaf edges generally ± flat; main leaf axils not leafy |
| |
| | 38. Corolla radial, salverform, maroon and ± white, throat floor without longitudinal folds (sect. Mimulastrum) |
| |
| | 39. Corolla limb ± solid maroon at base, maroon veins appearing << 0.5 mm wide, fading into white border |
| M. mohavensis |
| | 39' Corolla limb ± white ± throughout, maroon veins with much wider maroon border, so appearing > 0.5 mm wide |
| M. pictus |
| | 38' Corolla bilateral, generally not maroon and white, throat floor generally with 2 longitudinal folds — flowers sometimes all cleistogamous |
| |
| | 40. Fruit hard, often oblique at base, indehiscent while stem alive; generally flowers March–April (later in vernally wet depressions or on desert cliffs) (sect. Oenoe) |
| |
| | 41. Stems < 1 cm, tightly tufted; leaf ± ciliate at least in basal 1/2, often ± linear; vernally wet depressions |
| |
| | 42. Corolla tube-throat 5–10 mm |
| M. pygmaeus |
| | 42' Corolla tube-throat 20–60 mm |
| |
| | 43. Corolla tube-throat glabrous outside; lowest corolla lobe magenta with a large, dark purple spot at base |
| M. angustatus |
| | 43' Corolla tube-throat puberulent outside; lowest corolla lobe gold with scattered, small, dark dots at base |
| M. pulchellus |
| | 41' Stems generally > 1 cm, not tightly tufted but often branched; leaf generally not ciliate (or, if so, hairs not restricted to margin), generally not linear; vernally wet depressions or not |
| |
| | 44. Corolla lobes each with 1 large, dark spot at center of base; flowers opening |
| |
| | 45. Corolla pink to white; limestone crevices |
| M. rupicola |
| | 45' Corolla magenta to purple; vernally wet depressions |
| M. tricolor |
| | 44' Corolla without large, dark spots; flowers often cleistogamous |
| |
| | 46. Corolla tube-throat generally < 2 cm (if flowers cleistogamous then fruit angular, leaf dull purplish, petiole ciliate) |
| |
| | 47. Leaf ± ciliate on petiole, blade base; fruit 4–8.5 mm |
| M. congdonii |
| | 47' Leaf not ciliate; fruit 6–11 mm |
| M. latifolius |
| | 46' Corolla tube-throat 2–4.5 cm (if flowers cleistogamous then fruit ± ovoid, leaf shiny green, petiole glabrous) |
| |
| | 48. Corolla with upper lip >> lower, tube abruptly widened to long throat, throat longitudinally striped within; flowers often cleistogamous |
| M. douglasii |
| | 48' Corolla with both lips well developed, often funnel-like but tube-throat not abruptly widened above, not striped within; flowers opening |
| |
| | 49. Corolla tube-throat ± 2 × calyx, upper lip lobes magenta to red-purple |
| M. kelloggii |
| | 49' Corolla tube-throat ± = calyx, upper lip lobes white |
| M. traskiae |
| | 40' Fruit fragile, symmetric at base, generally promptly dehiscent; flowers generally May–September (often earlier in deserts) (sect. Eunanus) |
| |
| | 50. All flower nodes with 1 flower or fruit developing |
| |
| | 51. Corolla throat floor densely hairy; Sierra Nevada Foothills |
| M. viscidus |
| | 51' Corolla throat floor glabrous to sparsely puberulent; coastal and sw mtns, adjacent Desert |
| |
| | 52. Corolla tube-throat 10–23 mm, limb 8–26 mm wide |
| M. fremontii |
| | 52' Corolla tube-throat 7–10 mm, limb 4–7 mm wide |
| M. rattanii |
| | 50' At least some flower nodes (generally upper) with 2 flowers or fruits developing |
| |
| | 53. Stigma ± exserted, lobes rounded |
| |
| | 54. Upper leaf tips sharply acuminate; corolla magenta |
| M. cusickii |
| | 54' Upper leaf tips rounded to acute; corolla ± magenta, lavender-purple, violet-purple, or yellow |
| |
| | 55. Corolla tube-throat 7–12 mm; fruit 4–6 mm |
| M. jepsonii |
| | 55' Corolla tube-throat 9–19 mm; fruit 6–12 mm |
| |
| | 56. Leaves and calyx hairy; corolla ± magenta or yellow |
| M. mephiticus |
| | 56' Leaves and calyx ± puberulent; corolla ± magenta to purplish |
| |
| | 57. Calyx mouth in fruit strongly oblique |
| M. johnstonii |
| | 57' Calyx mouth in fruit slightly oblique |
| M. nanus |
| | 53' Stigma including (if ± exserted, stigma lobes acute) |
| |
| | 58. Corolla tube-throat 6–8 mm, limb 3–5 mm wide |
| M. leptaleus |
| | 58' Corolla tube-throat > 9 mm, limb > 5 mm wide |
| |
| | 59. Calyx 10–25 mm, corolla yellow |
| M. brevipes |
| | 59' Calyx < 9 mm (or corolla pink to magenta or maroon) |
| |
| | 60. Calyx lobes spreading, long-tapered (or upper lobe rounded, ± with small point at tip); East of Sierra Nevada, Desert |
| |
| | 61. Calyx puberulent, often purplish throughout, upper lobe rounded, ± with small point at tip, fruit included |
| M. parryi |
| | 61' Calyx hairy, sometimes purplish on ribs, upper lobe long-tapered, fruit exserted |
| M. bigelovii |
| | 62. Lower internodes generally > upper; leaf elliptic, sometimes acuminate but not abruptly so |
| var. bigelovii |
| | 62' Lower internodes ± = upper; leaf generally wide-ovate to ± round, abruptly sharp-pointed |
| var. cuspidatus |
| | 60' Calyx lobes converging, ± erect or ± spreading, obtuse to long-tapered; California Floristic Province |
| |
| | 63. Calyx swollen, especially in fruit |
| |
| | 64. Corolla limb and throat floor glabrous or puberulent |
| M. bolanderi |
| | 64' Corolla limb and throat floor long-hairy |
| M. constrictus |
| |
| | 65. Calyx not ribbed, uniformly green, puberulent, lobes obtuse to acute; corolla light rose to magenta, throat floor with 2 gold stripes extending from folds onto lower lip base |
| M. torreyi |
| | 65' Calyx dark-ribbed, puberulent or ± hairy, lobes acute to long-tapered; corolla almost white to dark magenta or yellow, throat often yellowish within but floor without gold stripes |
| |
| | 66. Corolla almost white to dark magenta with darker central marks on lobes, throat dark-spotted |
| M. layneae |
| | 66' Corolla dark magenta or yellow, lobes unmarked, throat generally dark-lined |
| M. whitneyi
|