| 1. Plant with all the following: sepals pink to deep rosy-pink; pedicel hairs glandular, yellow; fruit erect; pedicels ± ascending; angle between claw and blade on lower petals > 130° |
| D. purpusii |
| 1' Plant with at least one exception to the characters in 1. |
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| 2. Leaf blade base tapered |
| D. uliginosum |
| 2' Leaf blade base cordate, truncate, or rounded |
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| 3. Sepals ± red or yellow; angle between claw and blade of lower petals 140180°, blade hairs 0 or obscure to naked eye |
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| 4. Seed without inflated collar; fruit ± straight; plants of ± dry sites; Inner South Coast Ranges & s sepals red |
| D. cardinale |
| 4' Seed with inflated collar at widest end: fruit curved; plants of moist sites; Outer South Coast Ranges & n |
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| 5. Sepals bright yellow, not red n Central Coast |
| D. luteum |
| 5' Sepals scarlet to orange-red, rarely yellow but not brightly so |
| D. nudicaule |
| 3' Sepals not red or yellow (sometimes maroon or pink); blade of lower petal angled 60130° to claw, its hairs apparent to naked eye |
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| 6. Plant with all the following: inflorescence ± 1-sided; flower generally on and after 15 June; > 1900 m; stem generally < 40 cm; pedicels ascending; seed winged, without inflated collar at widest end; root < 5 cm n&c High Sierra Nevada, Warner Mountains |
| D. depauperatum |
| 6' Plant with two or more exceptions to the characters in 6. |
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| 7. Stem base generally much narrower than adjacent root, attachment not firm; seed with inflated collar at widest end, unwinged; inflorescence in mid-flower generally with < 6 flowers on main axis or oldest open-flowered pedicels generally > 25 mm and > 2 × youngest; fruit curved |
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| 8. Sepals ± maroon; plants within populations generally dissimilar, often ± infertile |
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| 9. Leaf segments 5 or fewer, > 5 mm wide |
| D. nudicaule × decorum |
| 9' Leaf segments > 5, generally < 5 mm wide |
| D. nudicaule × depauperatum |
| 8' Sepals not maroon; plants within populations generally similar, generally ± fertile |
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| 10. Most leaves on upper 1/3 of stem; stem generally > 50 cm; flowers on main inflorescence axis generally > 15 leaf lobe > 1 cm at widest point |
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| 11. Sepals pinkish to light blue |
| D. trolliifolium × nudicaule |
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| 12. Leaf lobe tips crenate; n Central Coast, n San Francisco Bay Area (Sonoma Co.) pedicels ± glandular |
| D. bakeri |
| 12' Leaf lobe tips sharply, irregularly cut; North Coast, Outer North Coast Ranges (n of Sonoma Co.) |
| D. trolliifolium |
| 10' Most leaves on lower 1/3 of stem; stem generally < 50 cm; flowers on main inflorescence axis often < 20 |
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| 13. Root > 10 cm, fibrous, not clustered, not spheric leaf lobes generally > 7; stem glabrous; Northwestern California |
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| 14. Sepals blue leaves ± fleshy; talus, 11002600 m |
| D. antoninum |
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| 15. Population with some blue but not red flowers; generally > 1500 m |
| D. antoninum × nudicaule |
| 15' Population with some red but not blue flowers; < 1500 m |
| D. nudicaule × trolliifolium |
| 13' Root < 10 cm, clustered, ± spheric |
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| 16. Sepals dark blue-purple (often faded, mottled on herbarium specimens), puberulent outside, generally not reflexed; lower stem hairy; lower petal blade generally > 6 mm spur 1320 mm; stem < 45 cm |
| D. decorum |
| 17. Leaf with generally 5 lobes that extend > 50% to petiole; < 200 m |
| subsp. decorum |
| 17' Leaf with 6 or more lobes that extend > 50% to petiole; > 700 m |
| subsp. tracyi |
| 16' Sepals generally bright blue to white or pink (generally not faded, not mottled on herbarium specimens), generally glabrous, often reflexed (if sepals purplish and puberulent outside and not reflexed, then lower stem ± glabrous or lower petal blade < 6 mm) |
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| 18. Leaf with 6 or more lobes that extend > 50% to petiole, these < 7 mm wide; pedicels glabrous or puberulent; High Sierra Nevada & n |
| D. nuttallianum |
| 18' Leaf with 5 or fewer lobes that extend > 50% to petiole (if > 5, then pedicels puberulent, plants of s Sierra Nevada and s), these often > 7 mm wide |
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| 19. Terminal leaf lobe widest above middle; pedicel spreading at 7090° angle; leaf lobes generally 5; Sierra Nevada |
| D. gracilentum |
| 19' Terminal leaf lobe widest near middle; pedicel spreading at generally < 70° angle; leaf lobes 3many; not Sierra Nevada |
| D. patens |
| 20. Lobes of lower leaves generally > 1.5 cm wide; basal, lower cauline leaves generally divided < 80% to petiole Outer South Coast Ranges, Southwestern California (except Channel Islands) |
| subsp. hepaticoideum |
| 20' Lobes of lower leaves generally < 1.5 cm wide; basal (if present), lower cauline leaves generally divided > 80% to petiole |
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| 21. Pedicels puberulent, generally glandular; Southwestern California |
| subsp. montanum |
| 21' Pedicels generally glabrous; not Southwestern California |
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| 22. Hairs of lower petals white |
| subsp. patens |
| 22' Hairs of lower petals yellow |
| D. patens × decorum |
| 7' Stem base generally ± as wide as adjacent root, attachment firm; seed without inflated collar at widest end, winged or not; inflorescence in mid-flower with generally > 6 flowers on main axis or oldest open-flowered pedicel generally < 25 mm or < 2 × youngest; fruit ± straight |
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| 23. Root > 15 cm, generally with enlarged, whitish (brown on herbarium specimens) buds; stems generally > 1 m, often 2 or more per root system |
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| 24. Flowers rare after 30 June; sepals ± lavender or greenish white; < 1200 m |
| D. californicum |
| 25. Sepals ± lavender; main inflorescence axis puberulent; upper petals ± hairy |
| subsp. californicum |
| 25' Sepals greenish white; main inflorescence axis glabrous; upper petals ± glabrous |
| subsp. interius |
| 24' Flowers rare before 1 July; sepals generally bluish (if ± lavender or greenish white, then > 1200 m), sometimes canescent |
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| 26. Leaves present on lower 20% of stem in flower |
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| 27. Flower spur 912 mm; sepals white to light blue |
| D. inopinum |
| 27' Flower spur 1122 mm; sepals dark blue |
| D. polycladon |
| 26' Leaves generally 0 on lower 20% of stem in flower |
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| 28. Sepals purplish blue, outer surface midline not lighter; lower stem glaucous; Klamath Ranges, High Sierra Nevada, San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains |
| D. glaucum |
| 28' Sepals ± bright blue, outer surface midline lighter due to hairs; lower stem puberulent; Warner Mountains |
| D. stachydeum |
| 23' Root < 15 cm (if larger, then enlarged buds 0); stems generally < 1 m, generally 1 per root system |
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| 29. Some hairs of lower petioles > 0.5 mm, white, straight, spreading seeds unwinged |
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| 30. Seeds finely prickly, fuzzy to naked eye; lateral sepals 713 mm; flowers generally > 12 on main inflorescence axis |
| D. hansenii |
| 31. Sepals violet-purple to maroon Sierra Nevada Foothills, SnJv |
| subsp. ewanianum |
| 31' Sepals dark blue-purple to white or pink |
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| 32. Basal leaves generally 0 in flower; cauline leaves 3 or more; Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range Foothills, Inner North Coast Ranges, Sacramento Valley |
| subsp. hansenii |
| 32' Basal leaves present but sometimes dry in flower (thus 0 on herbarium specimens); cauline leaves generally 2 or fewer; s Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi Mountain Area |
| subsp. kernense |
| 30' Seeds not prickly, not fuzzy to naked eye; lateral sepals 1025 mm; flowers generally < 12 on main inflorescence axis |
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| 33. Hairs on margin of lower petal blades 0; sepal spur generally downcurved for > 3 mm at tip Central Coast (c Monterey Co.) |
| D. hutchinsoniae |
| 33' Hairs on margin of lower petal blades present; sepal spur straight or downcurved for < 3 mm at tip |
| D. variegatum |
| 34. Plant of mainland sepals generally dark royal blue, rarely white or lavender |
| subsp. variegatum |
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| 35. Sepals white to light blue |
| subsp. kinkiense |
| subsp. thornei |
| 29' Hairs of lower petioles 00.5 mm, or curved, or both (if some > 0.5 mm and straight, then plant of Northwestern California or San Francisco Bay Area and seeds winged) |
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| 36. Inner lobes of lower petals hairier than outer; lower stem ± striate lateral sepals < 16 mm; seeds winged; sepals not reflexed; pedicels ascending at < 45° angle; Northwestern California, Central Western California, Great Central Valley, Peninsular Ranges |
| D. hesperium |
| 37. Lateral sepals < or = 4 mm wide; Peninsular Ranges |
| subsp. cuyamacae |
| 37' Lateral sepals > 4 mm wide; n of Transverse Ranges |
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| 38. Sepals dark blue-purple |
| subsp. hesperium |
| 38' Sepals white to pinkish or light blue |
| subsp. pallescens |
| 36' Lobes of lower petals equally as hairy; lower stem not striate |
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| 39. Seed coat cell margins wavy (barely visible at 10× when held up to light); fruit generally < or = 3× longer than wide; desert, grassland (sometimes with scattered trees), shrubland; Great Central Valley, s Sierra Nevada Foothills, Tehachapi Mountain Area, Transverse Ranges, East of Sierra Nevada, Desert |
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| 40. Sepals rarely reflexed; stem generally > 60 cm; grasslands, open woodlands sepals white or light pink to light blue |
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| D. parryi × D. gypsophilum subsp. parviflorum |
| 41' Sepals white to light pink |
| D. gypsophilum |
| 42. Lower petal blades 58 mm; lateral sepals generally > 10 mm; pedicels generally > 1 cm apart on inflorescence axis |
| subsp. gypsophilum |
| 42' Lower petal blades 34 mm; lateral sepals generally < 10 mm; pedicels generally < 1 cm apart on inflorescence axis |
| subsp. parviflorum |
| 40' Sepals, especially lateral, often reflexed; stem generally < 60 cm; deserts or shrublands, rarely grasslands |
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| 43. Plant of fine, alkaline soil; sepals generally light blue; lower petals white; Great Central Valley |
| D. recurvatum |
| 43' Plant of often coarse, not very alkaline soil; sepals ± sky or dark blue to white or pink; lower petals same color as sepals; Desert and adjacent areas |
| D. parishii |
| 44. Sepals ± sky blue, lateral sepals reflexed |
| subsp. parishii |
| 44' Sepals dark blue or white to pink or blue but not sky blue, lateral sepals not reflexed |
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| 45. Flowers rare before 20 May; sepals white to pink or blue; Western Transverse Ranges |
| subsp. pallidum |
| 45' Flowers rare after 20 May; sepals dark blue; w Sonoran Desert |
| subsp. subglobosum |
| 39' Seed coat cell margins straight (barely visible at 10× when held up to light); fruit generally > 3× longer than wide; shrubland in Great Basin Floristic Province; chaparral, woodland, or forest in Central Western California, Southwestern California, Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada |
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| 46. Green leaves generally present on lower 20% of stem in flower; lower stem and petioles ± glabrous |
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| 47. Root > 7 cm; lobes of lower leaves < 4 mm wide; lateral sepals rarely reflexed; not in broadleafed woodlands; ne High Sierra Nevada, Great Basin Floristic Province |
| D. andersonii |
| 47' Root < 7 cm; lobes of lower leaves generally > 4 mm wide; lateral sepals reflexed; generally in broadleafed woodlands; Outer South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges |
| D. umbraculorum |
| 46' Green leaves generally 0 on lower 20% of stem in flower (if present, then lower stem, or petioles, or both with short, curled hairs) Central Western California, Southwestern California, Tehachapi Mountain Area |
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| 48. Lobes of lower leaves generally > 5 mm wide; > 10 km inland; > 400 m |
| D. umbraculorum × parryi |
| 48' Lobes of lower leaves < 5 mm wide (or plant from < 10 km inland or < 400 m) |
| D. parryi |
| 49. Basal leaves generally 0 in flower |
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| 50. Lateral sepals generally > 16 mm |
| subsp. blochmaniae |
| 50' Lateral sepals < 16 mm |
| subsp. parryi |
| 49' Basal leaves generally present in flower |
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| subsp. purpureum |
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| 52. Sepals generally reflexed |
| subsp. eastwoodiae |
| 52' Sepals generally spreading |
| subsp. maritimum
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