| TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL (1993) |
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©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
For up-to-date information about California vascular plants, visit the Jepson eFlora. |
AND IS MAINTAINED FOR ARCHIVAL PURPOSES ONLY |
Annual to shrubs, generally glandular, some green root-parasites
Stem generally round
Leaves generally alternate, simple, generally ± entire; stipules generally 0
Inflorescence: spike to panicle, generally bracted, or flowers 1–2 in axils
Flower bisexual; calyx lobes generally 5; corolla generally strongly bilateral, generally 2-lipped (upper lip generally 2-lobed, lower lip generally 3-lobed); stamens generally 4 in 2 pairs, generally included, a 5th (generally uppermost) sometimes present as a staminode; pistil 1, ovary superior, chambers generally 2, placentas axile, style 1, stigma lobes generally 2
Fruit: capsule, generally ± ovoid, loculicidal or septicidal
Seed: coat sculpture often characteristic
Genera in family: ± 200 genera, 3000 species: ± worldwide; some cultivated as ornamental (e.g., Antirrhinum, Mimulus, Penstemon ) or medicinal (Digitalis )
Recent taxonomic note: Recently treated to include only Buddleja, Scrophularia, and Verbascum in CA; other genera moved to Orobanchaceae (Castilleja, Cordylanthus, Orthocarpus, Pedicularis, Triphysaria), Phrymaceae (Mimulus), and Plantaginaceae (= Veronicaceae sensu Olmstead et al.)
Key to genera by Elizabeth Chase Neese & Margriet Wetherwax.
Biennial in CA (leaf rosette 1st year, stout flower-stem 2nd year)
Stem erect, simple or branched just below inflorescence
Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, reduced upward
Inflorescence: raceme or panicle, bracted
Flower: calyx ± radial, deeply 5-lobed; corolla ± radial, rotate, 5-lobed; stamens 5, lowest 2 filaments > upper 3, all or upper hairy; stigmas fused, head-like
Fruit: capsule, septicidal
Seeds small, wingless, many
Species in genus: ± 360 species: Eurasia
Etymology: (Latin: from root for bearded)
Lvs used medicinally in cigarets for asthmatics.
| Introduced |
Generally non-glandular bristly; hairs ± branched
Stem 60–120 cm, branched just below inflorescence
Leaves: basal 10–30 cm, obovate, crenate to dentate, petioled; cauline 7–15 cm, lanceolate, cordate, crenate, sessile
Inflorescence: raceme, open, glandular; flowers 1–4 per node; bracts < 8 mm, ovate; pedicels < or = bract
Flower: calyx 5–8(9) mm, lobes lanceolate; corolla ± 25 mm wide, yellow
Fruit 7–8 mm, spheric, glandular-puberulent, sometimes also branched- or stellate-hairy
Chromosomes: 2n=32,64,66
Ecology: Disturbed areas
Elevation: < 300 m.
Bioregional distribution: Outer North Coast Ranges, c San Joaquin Valley, San Francisco Bay Area, Southwestern California
Distribution outside California: native to Eurasia