Gayralia oxysperma (Kützing) Vinogradova ex Scagel et al.

Synonyms:

Monostroma oxyspermum (Kützing) Doty, Ulvaria oxysperma (Kützing) Bliding, Monostroma latissimum Wittrock, M. orbiculatum Thuret, M. quaternarium (Kützing) P. Crouan et H. Crouan

Illustrations:

Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 67, fig. 20 (habit); Bliding 1969, p. 586, fig. 31 (photos): A, B (habit), C–F (surface views, vegetative plants), p. 588, fig. 32 (photos): A, B (surface views, vegetative and reproductive plants), C–E (x-sections, vegetative plants), F (biflagellate neutral swarmers), G–J (germlings in culture); Golden and Garbary 1984, p. 328, fig. 31 (photo: habit), figs. 32–35 (photos: surface views, vegetative plants), fig. 36 (photo: biflagellate swarmers); Kapraun 1984, p. 81, fig. 10 (photo: habit); Scagel 1966, pl. 20, fig. C (surface view, vegetative plant), pl. 21, fig. B (x-section, vegetative plant)

Pacific Coast Distribution:

Unalaska I., Aleutian Is., Alaska (Setchell and Gardner 1903, p. 207) to Monterey Peninsula, Calif. (Hollenberg and Abbott 1966, p. 11); Estero Punta Banda, Baja Calif. (R. Aguilar Rosas 1982, p. 84); Puerto Quepos, Costa Rica (Kapraun and Flynn 1973, p. 145)

Taxonomy:

Burrows 1991, p. 61; Golden and Garbary 1984, p. 327; O'Kelly et al. 1984, p. 190; Tatewaki 1972; Bliding 1969, p. 585; Doty 1947, p. 12

Life History:

sexual reproduction lacking, plants recycling by means of biflagellate and quadriflagellate zoospores (Golden and Garbary 1984, p. 327; Kapraun and Flynn 1973, p. 148; Bliding 1969, p. 587)

Biology/Ecology:

Flavier and Zingmark 1993; Thom 1984a, p. 54; T. Turner 1983a, p. 63; Pomeroy 1977, p. 41; Prange 1976, p. 94

Ultrastructure:

O'Kelly et al. 1984; Hoops et al. 1982; Hori 1972