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in part from Setchell and Gardner 1920b
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Note:
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The genus Enteromorpha was merged with Ulva by Hayden et al. 2003.
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Synonyms:
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Enteromorpha prolifera var. flexuosa (Wulfen) Doty, E. intestinalis var. tubulosa Kützing, E. tubulosa (Kützing) Kützing
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Illustrations:
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Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 75, fig. 30 (habit); Bliding 1963, p. 75, fig. 38 (photos): a, b (habit), d, e (surface views, vegetative plants), p. 76, fig. 39 (photos): a (habit), b–e (surface views, vegetative plants), p. 77, fig. 40 (photos): a (female gametes), b (male gametes), c (zoospores), d, e (germlings); Kapraun 1970, p. 250, figs. 13, 14 (photos: habit), p. 256, fig. 38 (photo: sporophyte in culture), p. 266, fig. 52 (photo: x-section), figs. 53, 54 (photos: surface views, vegetative plants); Koeman and van den Hoek 1984, p. 44, fig. 106 (habit, unspecified phase), p. 45, fig. 113 (sporophyte), fig. 114 (zoospores), figs. 115, 116 (male gametophyte with gametes), figs. 117, 118 (female gametophyte with gametes); Kornmann and Sahling 1977, p. 72, fig. 33 (photos): A (habit), B (branching detail), C, D (surface views, vegetative plants); Scagel 1966, pl. 27, fig. F (x-section, vegetative plant), fig. G (surface view, vegetative plant); Smith 1944, pl. 5, fig. 1 (habit), fig. 2 (x-section, vegetative plant), fig. 3 (surface view, vegetative plant)
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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Prince Rupert, British Columbia (Hawkes et al. 1979, p. 89) to Sunset Bay, Coos Co., Ore. (Doty 1947, p. 15); Fort Bragg, Mendocino Co., Calif. (Kjeldsen 1995, p. 6) to Monterey Peninsula, Calif. (Smith 1944, p. 51); San Luis Obispo Co., Calif. (Cayucos to Shell Beach: Sparling 1977, p. 29); Channel Is., Calif. (San Miguel I., Santa Cruz I., San Nicolas I.: Murray and Littler 1989, p. 65); Santa Barbara Co., Calif. (Gaviota: Thom 1980b, p. 105; Goleta: Murray and Littler 1989, p. 65); San Pedro, Los Angeles Co., Calif. (Mrs. H.D. Johnston 252 in UC); Balboa, Orange Co., Calif. (Smith 1944, p. 51); San Diego, Calif. (Emerson and Zedler 1978, p. 316); Ensenada, Baja Calif. (L. Aguilar Rosas et al. 1985, p. 125) to Cachimbo, Oaxaca (Huerta M. and Tirado L. 1970, p. 126), including Gulf of California north to Bahía Concepcion, Baja Calif. (Mateo Cid et al. 1993, p. 51); Puerto Parker near Bahía Salinas, Costa Rica (Taylor 1945, p. 38)
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Taxonomy:
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Burrows 1991, p. 85; Koeman and van den Hoek 1984, p. 46; Bliding 1963, p. 73
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Molecular Taxonomy:
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Freshwater et al. 1990
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Life History:
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uninvestigated in Pacific coast populations; in Europe, alternation of isomorphic phases, a sporophyte that produces quadriflagellate zoospores alternating with unisexual gametophytes that produce slightly unequal biflagellate gametes; parthenogenetic development of gametophytes by unfused gametes (Bliding 1963, p. 74); sexual reproduction absent in Texas (Kapraun 1970, p. 221)
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Biology/Ecology:
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Thom 1984a, p. 54; Thom 1980b, p. 105; Devinny 1978, p. 358; Emerson and Zedler 1978, p. 316; Kapraun 1970; Rigg and Miller 1949
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Chemistry:
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Rönnerstrand 1943, p. 48
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