Gametophyte: Burrows 1991, pl. 2 (photo: habit), fig. 19 (branching details); Kornmann 1962b, figs. 1–3 (photos: habit), fig. 4 (branching and cellular details); Scagel 1966, pl. 37, fig. A (habit), fig. B (rhizoidal base), fig. C (apex of branch); Sussmann and DeWreede 2001b, p. 1537, fig. 2 (photo: habit); Vinogradova 1979, p. 87, fig. 52 (habit), p. 88, fig. 53 (branching details)
Pacific Coast Distribution:
Bering Sea, Alaska (St. Lawrence I. and Port Clarence, Seward Peninsula: Kjellman 1889, p. 55); Amaknak I., Unalaska Bay, Aleutian Is., Alaska (Setchell and Gardner 1903, p. 224) to Seattle, Wash. (Thom et al. 1977, p. 270); Coos Head, Ore. (Sanborn and Doty 1947, p. 25)
Taxonomy:
Burrows 1991; Jónsson 1991; Kornmann and Sahling 1977; Setchell and Gardner 1920b, p. 223
Life History:
uninvestigated in Pacific coast populations; in Europe, bisexual gametophytes recycling mostly by parthenogenetic development of isogametes; syngamy uncommon, not accompanied by karyogamy, resulting in false zygotes which give rise to filamentous plants (Jónsson 1971; Kornmann 1970c; Jónsson 1968a; Kornmann 1964; Kornmann 1962b)
Biology/Ecology:
Sussmann and DeWreede 2001b; Bischoff and Wiencke 1995
Physiology:
Prahl 1979, p. 166
Chemistry:
Ackman and McLachlan 1979, p. 430
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Repr
Uncommon, on rocks and other algae throughout the tidal range. Scagel 1957, p. 56. Hawkes et al. 1979, p. 90.
Ster
COLUMBIA RIVER
Repr
Rare, on rocks off Coos Head. Sanborn and Doty 1947, p. 25.