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Illustrations:
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Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 112, fig. 71 (branching pattern); Burrows 1991, p. 181, fig. 57C (branching pattern); Kornmann and Sahling, 1977, p. 49, fig. 19 (photos): A (habit), B, F (branching pattern), C–E (reproductive pinnules), G (cellular detail); Rietema 1971, p. 294, figs. 2, 3 (anisogametes), figs. 4, 5 (bisexual pinnules), fig. 6 (germling from zygote), fig. 7 (stephanospore), figs. 11, 12 (germlings from stephanospores)
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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Vancouver I., British Columbia (Departure Bay: Scagel 1957, p. 62; Victoria: Setchell and Gardner 1903, p. 230); English Camp, Wash. (Setchell and Gardner 1903, p. 230); Oregon (Phinney 1977, p. 100); Eureka, Humboldt Co., Calif. (Dawson 1965a, p. 10); Bodega Head, Sonoma Co., Calif. (Kjeldsen 1995, p. 3); Tomales Bay, Marin Co., Calif. (Kjeldsen 1995, p. 3); Berkeley, San Francisco Bay, Calif. (Burr and West 1970, p. 17); Monterey Peninsula, Calif. (Smith 1944, p. 73); San Luis Obispo Co., Calif. (north of San Simeon: Sparling 1977, p. 26; Morro Bay: de Jesus et al. 1989, p. 768); Channel Is., Calif. (Santa Cruz I.: Apt et al. 1988, p. 40); Gaviota, Santa Barbara Co., Calif. (Dawson 1959b, p. 188); Los Angeles Co., Calif. (Malibu: Dawson 1959b, p. 186; San Pedro: Setchell and Gardner 1920b, p. 159); San Diego, Calif. (Stewart 1982, p. 53); Medio Camino, between Tijuana and Ensenada, Baja Calif. (L. Aguilar Rosas and Pacheco Ruiz 1986, p. 77) to Punta San Juan de Alima (near San Telmo), Michoacán, México (Dreckmann et al. 1990, p. 24), including Gulf of California north to Bahía Kino, Sonora (Mendoza González and Mateo Cid 1986, p. 420); Panama City, Panamá (Taylor 1945, p. 60)
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Taxonomy:
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Burrows 1991, p. 182; Scagel 1966, p. 124
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Molecular Taxonomy:
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Freshwater et al. 1990
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Life History:
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not completely known for Pacific coast populations, but involving diploid gametophytes that produce male and female anisogametes in separate sectors of same pinnule; in Europe, prostrate filamentous germlings from zygotes developing directly into bisexual gametophytes or indirectly by stephanospores or anisogametes (Burrows 1991, Kermarrec 1980, Bartlett and South 1973, Rietema 1971, Neumann 1969a)
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Biology/Ecology:
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Stewart 1982, p. 53; Shevlin 1980
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Morphology:
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Burr and West 1970
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Ultrastructure:
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Burr and West 1970, Urban 1969
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Chemistry:
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de Jesus et al. 1989, p. 769; Blunden et al. 1982, p. 565
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