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Illustrations:
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Sporophyte: Cameron 1912, pl. XIII, fig. 1 (photo: habit); Druehl 1968, pl. IV, fig. 15 (photo: habit, bullate blade), fig. 16 (photo: habit, nonbullate blade), pl. V, fig. 26 (photo, x-section, blade anatomy), pl. VIII, fig. 47 (habit); Kornmann and Sahling 1977, fig. 77A–C (photos; habit); Scagel 1967, p. 123, fig. 47a (habit)
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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Alaska (50 miles SW of Pt. Barrow: Lindstrom 1977, p. 69; Adak I., Aleutian Is.: Druehl 1968, p. 544) to Tacoma, Wash. (Scagel 1957, p. 97); Coos Bay, Ore. (Doty 1947, p. 39); Humboldt Bay, Humboldt Co., California (HSC 7265, HSC 7051); San Francisco Bay, California (Silva in UC); Capitola, Santa Cruz Co. (UC 970847)
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Taxonomy:
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Druehl, Foottit et al. 1988; Fain et al. 1988, p. 293; Druehl 1968, p. 544; Druehl 1965, p. 22
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Life History:
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alternation of heteromorphic phases, with a macroscopic sporophyte and dioecious microscopic gametophytes (Druehl and Hsiao 1969; Sauvageau 1916); production of zoospores by embryonic sporophyte reported by Pascher (1918); parthenogenetic haploid sporophytes reported by Schreiber (1930)
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Chromosomes:
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Cole 1967b, p. 523
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Genetics:
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tom Dieck and Oliveira 1993; Neefus et al. 1993; Bhattacharya, Mayes et al. 1991; Druehl et al. 1989; Bolton et al. 1983
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Biology/Ecology:
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Gevaert et al. 2001; Dean et al. 2000; Hanelt et al. 1997; Peters and Schaffelke 1996; Schaffelke et al. 1996; tom Dieck 1992; Kluijver 1991, p. 331; Lüning 1990; Williams and Herbert 1989; Foster et al. 1988, p. 9; Apt 1988c, p. 212; Lüning and Freshwater 1988, p. 312; Rosell and Srivastava 1987; Chung and Brinkhuis 1986; J. Lee and Brinkhuis 1986; Schiel and Foster 1986, p. 274; Dayton 1985, p. 217; Levings et al. 1983, p. 1127; Lüning 1982; Hodgson and Waaland 1980, p. 110; Lüning 1980a; Pomeroy and Levings 1980, p. 3 (as Laminaria sp.); Schatz 1980; Thom 1980a, p. 9; Andrews 1977, p. 1021; Hruby 1976; Hruby 1975, p. 882; Lüning and Dring 1975; Nassichuk 1975, p. 8; Kjeldsen and Phinney 1972, p. 305; Lüning and Dring 1972; Druehl 1970, p. 239; Paine and Vadas 1969b, p. 80; Druehl 1967a, p. 42, Druehl 1967b; Stephenson and Stephenson 1961a, p. 18; Scagel 1961, p. 528
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Morphology:
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Ar Gall et al. 1996
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Ultrastructure:
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Henry and Cole 1982a, p. 551; Henry 1980, p. 9; Oliveira et al. 1980; Bisalputra et al. 1971
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Physiology:
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Gerard and Driscoll 1996; Davison and Machalek 1995; Henley and Dunton 1995; Machalek and Davison 1995; R. Schmid et al. 1994; Han and Kain 1993; Lüning 1990; Amat and Srivastava 1985; Popovic et al. 1983; Duncan and Harrison 1982, p. 446; K. Schmitz 1982, p. 171; Kremer 1981, p. 504; Oliveira et al. 1980; Hsiao and Druehl 1973a; Hsiao and Druehl 1973b; Hsiao and Druehl 1973c; Lüning et al. 1973; Lüning and Dring 1972; Hsiao and Druehl 1971; Cole 1964 (as Laminaria sp.)
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Biophysics:
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Gerard 1987
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Chemistry:
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Gerwick et al. 1993, p. 662; Proteau and Gerwick 1993; Whyte and Englar 1983, p. 163; Hoppe and Levring 1982, p. 12; Ragan and Jensen 1979
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Economic Applications:
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Petrell and Alie 1996; Rorrer et al. 1996; Petrell et al. 1993; Lloyd 1989; Druehl 1988, p. 121; Druehl and Boal 1981, p. 578; Mumford 1980, p. 16; Jamison and Beswick 1972, p. 348
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