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Illustrations:
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Sporophyte: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 232, fig. 190 (habit); Druehl 1968, pl. IV, fig. 17 (photo: habit), fig. 27 (photo: x-section blade), pl VII, fig. 40 (photo: x-section, stipe); Setchell 1905b, pl. 16, fig. 17 (regeneration of blade); Setchell and Gardner 1925, pl. 56A (photo: habit)
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Pacific Coast Distribution:
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British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver I.: Druehl 1968, p. 545; Gabriola I.: South 1969, p. 182); Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Co., Calif. (Setchell 1893, p. 355) to Monterey Peninsula, Calif. (Smith 1944, p. 136); Channel Is., Calif. (Santa Rosa I., Santa Barbara I.: Silva in UC; Santa Cruz I.: Nicholson and Cimberg 1971, p. 377; Anacapa I.: Dawson and Neushul 1966, p. 174; San Nicolas I., Santa Catalina I., San Clemente I.: Miller in UC); Tanner and Cortes banks, off Baja Calif. (Lewbel et al. 1981, p. 165); Baja Calif. (Islas Los Coronados, Isla de Todos Santos: Silva in UC; Punta Descanso, Cabo Colonet, Punta Eugenia: L. Aguilar Rosas and Pacheco Ruiz 1985, pp. 72, 73).
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Taxonomy:
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Druehl 1968, p. 545; Druehl 1965, p. 24
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Life History:
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uninvestigated, but presumably alternation of heteromorphic phases, with a macroscopic sporophyte and microscopic gametophytes
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Biology/Ecology:
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Lüning 1990; Amsler and Neushul 1991; Schiel and Foster 1986, p. 271; Dayton 1985, p. 217; Ebeling et al. 1985, p. 288; Foster and Schiel 1985, p. 25; Lewbel et al. 1981, p. 165; Foster 1975a, p. 315; Foster 1975b, p. 337; Rosenthal et al. 1974, p. 672; Druehl 1970, p. 239; Druehl 1969, p. 163; Clarke and Neushul 1967, p. 38; Neushul et al. 1967, p. 41
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Physiology:
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Amsler 1988a; Kremer 1979, p. 245
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Chemistry:
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Van Alstyne et al. 1999; Manley et al. 1992; Ragan and Glombitza 1986, p. 188
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