Fucus spiralis Linnaeus

Illustrations:

R. Norris and Conway 1975, p. 80, figs. 1, 2 (photos: habit), fig. 3 (photo: surface view, cryptostomata), fig. 4 (photo: x-section, cryptostomata); W. Taylor 1937, pl. 24, fig. 1 (habit)

Pacific Coast Distribution:

Murder Pt., Attu I., Aleutian Is., Alaska (R. Norris and Conway 1975, p. 80) to Washington (R. Norris and Conway 1975, p. 80); Oregon (Yaquina Head and Boiler Bay, Lincoln Co.: Van Alstyne et al. 1999, p. 489; R. Norris, pers. herb.); Tomales Bay, Marin Co., Calif. (Hughey 1995)

Taxonomy:

Norris and Conway 1975

Life History:

diplontic

Chromosomes:

Cole 1967b, p. 524

Biology/Ecology:

Li and Brawley 1996; G. Pearson and Davison 1993; Lüning 1990; Lüning and Freshwater 1988, p. 312; Schonbeck and Norton 1978; R. Norris and Conway 1975

Growth:

Strömgren 1994

Physiology:

Hurd et al. 1995; Hurd and Dring 1990; Madsen and Maberly 1990; Strömgren 1980

Chemistry:

Van Alstyne et al. 1999; Ragan and Glombitza 1986; Rönnerstrand 1943, p. 49