Desmarestia ligulata (Lightfoot) Lamouroux

wide-form juvenile and fringed sporophyte

Illustrations:

Sporophyte: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976, p. 224, fig. 185 (habit); Scagel 1967, p. 95, fig. 33 (habit, as D. herbacea), p. 101, fig. 36 (habit, as D. munda), p. 99, fig. 35 (habit); Setchell and Gardner 1925, p. 851, pl. 88 (photo: habit, as D. munda); Smith 1944, p. 447, pl. 17, fig. 1 (habit, as D. munda). Gametophyte: Nakahara 1984

Pacific Coast Distribution:

Kodiak I., Gulf of Alaska, Alaska (Setchell and Gardner 1925, p. 566, as D. herbacea) to Monterey Peninsula, Calif. (Smith 1944, p. 121, as D. herbacea and D. munda); San Luis Obispo Co., Calif. (Sparling 1977, p. 32); Channel Is., Calif. (Santa Rosa I., Santa Cruz I.: Murray 1974, p. 40; San Nicolas I., Santa Barbara I., San Clemente I.: Murray and Littler 1989, p. 68; Santa Catalina I.: Miller in UC); throughout southern Calif. (Dawson 1959b, pp. 187, 189, as D. herbacea) to Punta Pequeña, Baja Calif. (Dawson 1961b, p. 393, as D. munda); Galápagos Is. (Taylor 1945, p. 108)

Taxonomy:

Peters and Müller 1986b; A. Chapman 1972c, p. 90; A. Chapman 1972a, p. 1 (as D. ligulata var. ligulata)

Phylogeny:

Draisma et al. 2001; Peters et al. 1997

Life History:

alternations of heteromorphic phases, with a macroscopic sporophyte and microscopic gametophytes (Nakahara 1984)

Phenology:

this annual species appears sooner in the south (January in Monterey), and later in the north (March in British Columbia/Washington)

Biology/Ecology:

M. Edwards 1996; Shaffer and Parks 1994; Clark 1993; Watanabe and Harrold 1991, p. 135; Harrold et al. 1988, p. 137; Lüning and Freshwater 1988, p. 312; Rosell and Srivastava 1987; Breda and Foster 1985, p. 117; Foster and Schiel 1985, p. 24; D. Reed and Foster 1984, p. 937; Cowen et al. 1982, p. 194; Druehl and Green 1982, p. 167; Duggins 1981, p. 391; Pace 1981, p. 460; Sousa et al. 1981, p. 298; Hodgson and Waaland 1980, p. 110; Pearse and Hines 1979, p. 84; Vadas 1977, p. 356 (as D. herbacea); Dayton 1975, p. 140; Devinny and Kirkwood 1974, p. 102 (as D. herbacea); Pearse and Lowry 1974, p. 14; Rosenthal et al. 1974, p. 672 (as D. munda); Paine and Vadas 1969a, p. 713 (as D. herbacea); Paine and Vadas 1969b, p. 80 (as D. herbacea); Widdowson 1965b, p. 1427 (as D. munda); Scagel 1961, p. 529; Rigg and Miller 1949 (as D. munda); Northcraft 1948, p. 399 (as D. herbacea); Doty 1946, p. 324 (as D. herbacea).

Epiphytes:

Acrochaetium desmarestiae , Ectocarpus acutus

Ultrastructure:

Oates and Cole 1990

Chemistry:

Tsuchiya 1979

Physiology:

McClintock et al. 1982, p. 771; Jolliffe and Tregunna 1970, p. 296

Molecular Taxonomy:

Tan and Druehl 1994