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Key to PlantaginaceaeView taxon page for Plantaginaceae
Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Plant generally aquatic, or plants in wet soil or mud 2. Corolla and calyx clearly present; plants in wet soil or mud 2' Corolla 0; calyx generally 0, except occasionally present as minute rim on ovary; plants aquatic 4. Leaves generally opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ; ovary superior, styles 2 ..... CALLITRICHE 1' Plant generally terrestrial, generally of drier habitats 5. Corolla dry, scarious, translucent, persistent in fruit; leaves generally basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. , veins generally ± parallel; fruit circumscissile  Dehiscence, usually of a fruit (capsule), by a transverse line, the top coming off as a lid. ..... PLANTAGO 5' Corolla of petal-like texture, variously colored, but not scarious or translucent, generally not persistent in fruit; leaves basal or basal and cauline, veins generally pinnate  Feather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc. or palmate  More than two structures or parts (e.g., veins, lobes, or leaflets) radiating from a common point in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane). ; fruit generally not circumscissile 6. Leaves generally alternate  1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. (except proximal generally opposite in Antirrhinum, Cymbalaria, Pseudorontium; proximal-most opposite on seedlings in Maurandella), not all basal 7. Corolla base neither spurred nor sac-like, throat open, floor without longitudinal folds, or throat ± closed; fruit generally loculicidal  Pertaining to dehiscence of a fruit (capsule) by a longitudinal line through the wall at or near the center of each chamber, such that each resulting segment corresponds to the two adjacent halves of two adjacent chambers, usually with a placenta-bearing septum centrally. or opening by irregular bursting near tip 8. Corolla 40–60 mm, lower lip not swollen, throat open; fruit generally loculicidal ..... DIGITALIS 8' Corolla 8–9 mm, lower lip swollen, ± closing throat; fruit opening by irregular bursting near tip ..... PSEUDORONTIUM 7' Corolla base spurred or sac-like (except Holmgrenanthe, corolla throat open, floor with 2 longitudinal folds); fruit generally dehiscent  Opening at maturity to release contents; usually pertaining to anthers or fruits. by terminal slits or pores (circumscissile) 9. Leaves palmately veined, entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). to lobed; petioles  Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. 5–33 mm 10' Corolla base not spurred 11. Leaves ± round to reniform  Kidney-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and concave. ; neither stems or petioles twining; corolla white to pale yellow; pedicels  Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. 1–4 mm ..... HOLMGRENANTHE 11' Leaves hastate  Arrowhead-shaped, with two basal lobes oriented more or less perpendicularly to the long axis. to sagitate; corolla pink, red, to violet distally; stems or petioles twining; pedicels 12–47 mm ..... MAURANDELLA 9' Leaves not palmately veined, generally entire, generally ± sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. (or petioles <= 30 mm) 12. Stem twining or decumbent  lying mostly flat on the ground but with tips curving up. 13. Plant glabrous (except stem base, inflorescence); pedicels twining or U-shaped, or bractlets subtended by twining branchlets, these reduced at distal nodes  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. ; leaves linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. ..... ANTIRRHINUM (2) 13' Plant hairy; pedicels straight; branchlets subtending bracts 0; leaves ovate to hastate or sagittate  Arrowhead-shaped, with two basal lobes oriented nearly parallel to the long axis. – fruit circumscissile ..... KICKXIA (2) 12' Stem erect  Upright; vertically oriented. 14. Corolla base sac-like; plant generally hairy (at least inflorescence), rarely glabrous throughout ..... ANTIRRHINUM (2) 14' Corolla base spurred; plant generally glabrous 15. Flowers yellow, red-violet, purple, or occasionally 2-colored; corolla lower lip >= upper lip ..... LINARIA (2) 6' Leaves generally opposite, sometimes whorled  Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). or all basal 16. Stamens 2, staminodes 0 or 2 17. Leaves basal, long-petioled; inflorescence scapose  Pertaining to a plant or an inflorescence in which a relatively long peduncle (scape) arises, sometimes with leaf- or scale-like bracts but without true foliage leaves, from a rosette or other arrangement of leaves at ground level. ..... SYNTHYRIS 17' Leaves cauline, sessile to short-petioled; inflorescence not scapose 18. Corolla ± radial  Divisible into mirror-image halves in three or more ways. , generally 4-lobed, tube << lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. ; sepals generally 4(5) ..... VERONICA 18' Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, tube > lobes; sepals generally 5 19. Anther sacs of each stamen separated, parallel; corolla tube 4-angled ..... GRATIOLA 19' Anther sacs of each stamen touching, not parallel; corolla tube cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. ..... DOPATRIUM (2) 16' Stamens 4, staminode 0 or 1 20. Calyx tube well developed 21. Stamens included  Not protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens included in corolla). in keeled lower central corolla lobe 1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. ..... COLLINSIA 21' Stamens exserted  Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla). , lower central corolla lobe not keeled ..... TONELLA 20' Calyx segments ± free 22. Corolla spurred at base of tube 23' Stem erect; inflorescence a terminal raceme  In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. 24. Flowers yellow, red-violet, purple, or occasionally 2-colored; corolla throat swelling obvious, not white-ridged ..... LINARIA (2) 22' Corolla not spurred, occasionally sac-like at base 26' Leaves opposite; flowers < 2 cm, not red 27. Leaves generally narrowly ± ovate to ± round, ± entire; corolla generally white to pink ..... BACOPA (2) 27' Leaves ± lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. , toothed; corolla violet to purple ..... STEMODIA 28. Fertile filament bases glabrous, attached to corolla at different levels ..... PENSTEMON 28' Fertile filament bases densely hairy, attached to corolla at 1 level
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