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Key to ChenopodiumView taxon page for Chenopodium
(For a list of species in Chenopodium, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Perennial herb from stout, fleshy caudex  Generally short, sometimes woody, more or less vertical stem of a perennial, at or beneath ground level. ; calyx tube generally > lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. ..... C. californicum 1' Annual; calyx tube generally < lobes 2. Seeds all vertical or both horizontal and vertical; calyx lobes generally 3(4) in flowers with vertical fruit, 4–5 in flowers with horizontal fruit 3. Leaf blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. white-powdery abaxially, margins acutely-toothed ..... C. glaucum var. salinum 3' Leaf blade glabrous abaxially at least in age, margins entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). to variously toothed 4. Leaf blade thick to fleshy, margin generally serrate  Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. , abaxially ± densely powdery and becoming glabrous ..... C. macrospermum 4' Leaf blade thin, margin entire or toothed, generally glabrous 5. Flower clusters 3–10 mm diam, in unbranched terminal and/or axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. spikes; sepals generally red, fleshy in fruit; all seeds vertical 6. Flower clusters subtended by leafy bracts throughout inflorescence; stamens generally 1; fruit maturing from base to tip of plant ..... C. foliosum 6' Flower clusters subtended by leafy bracts only in proximal 1/2 of inflorescence; stamens 3; fruit maturing from tip to base of plant ..... C. capitatum 7. Flower clusters 6–10 mm diam; fruit red, fleshy; leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blade base truncate  Abruptly (not gradually) narrower or smaller at base or tip, as if cut straight across or nearly so. to cordate  Heart-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and convex. (hastate), margin generally sharply toothed ..... var. capitatum 7' Flower clusters 3–5 mm diam; fruit green to red, not fleshy; leaf blade base tapered  Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. to truncate, margin entire or ± toothed ..... var. parvicapitatum 5' Flower clusters 2–4 mm diam, in axillary branched spikes; sepals green, membranous; seeds generally vertical, occasionally horizontal 9. Stem prostrate  Lying flat on the ground. to spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ; leaf margin entire or shallowly toothed ..... var. humile 9' Stem erect  Upright; vertically oriented. to ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. ; leaf margin deeply toothed ..... var. rubrum 2' Most or all seeds horizontal; calyx lobes generally 5 10. Flowers 1 or in cymes  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the central or uppermost flower opens before the peripheral or lowermost flowers on any axis. see 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a cyme-like inflorescence is one in which the central or uppermost inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, develop and mature before the peripheral or lowermost inflorescence units on any axis. , arranged in axillary and terminal panicles  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. or branched spikes; leaf blade glabrous to ± powdery abaxially ..... C. simplex 10' Flower clusters in terminal and/or axillary spikes and/or panicles; leaf blade generally powdery 11. Primary leaves not fleshy, generally 2-lobed, generally toothed on margin 12. Fruit wall pitted at 20× 13. Plant scented; proximal leaf blades entire to 2-lobed or toothed near base, densely powdery; fruit wall, seed coat ± white ..... C. watsonii 13' Plant generally not scented; all leaf blades entire, or 2-lobed near base and serrate or irregularly toothed, powdery; fruit wall brown, seed coat black ..... C. berlandieri 12' Fruit wall not pitted at 20× 15. Leaf powdery in youth, especially abaxially, or generally glabrous; fruit wall scale-like at 20×; seed margin sharply angled ..... C. murale 15' Leaf powdery; fruit wall smooth or papillate  Pertaining to a surface (e.g., of a leaf, stigma, fruit) bearing small, rounded or conic protuberances (papillae). at 20×; seed margin rounded or ridged 16' Leaf blade sides not parallel, generally lobed or toothed; fruit wall papillate or smooth, generally free from seed in age 17. Plant to 1 m; inflorescence branches straight; flower clusters generally in axillary and terminal branched spikes ..... C. album 17' Plant to 2 m; inflorescence branches ± curved or pendent; flower clusters in axillary and terminal spikes or panicles ..... C. missouriense 11' Primary leaves ± fleshy, entire or 1–2 pairs of lobes or teeth near base 18. Leaf blade 1-veined from base, entire 19. Leaf blade 4–6 mm wide, generally linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to narrowly lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. (elliptic), powdery abaxially, tip generally acuminate  Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. ; inflorescence dense ..... C. desiccatum (2) 19' Leaf blade generally < 3.5 mm wide, linear, densely powdery abaxially, tip ± round; inflorescence open ..... C. leptophyllum 18' Leaf blade 3-veined from base, entire or 1–2 pairs of lobes or teeth near base 20. Leaf blade length 3–many × width 21' Fruit wall free from seed 22. Plant erect to spreading; leaf blade length 3–many × width, entire; calyx lobes generally enclosing fruit in age; seed coat warty ..... C. desiccatum (2) 22' Plant generally erect; leaf blade length 3–5 × width, entire or generally 1–2 lobes near base; calyx lobes ± spreading in age; seed coat wrinkled ..... C. pratericola 20' Leaf blade length to 3 × width 23. Leaf blade length 2–3 × width, elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear , lanceolate, or oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. 24. Plant erect, branched; leaf base generally rounded to tapered, tip generally obtuse  Having a short-tapered, blunt tip or base, the sides convex or straight and converging at more than a right angle. to round, petiole  Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. generally strongly upcurved; fruit wall smooth ..... C. atrovirens 24' Plant prostrate to ascending, branched from base; leaf tip acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. to round, petiole not upcurved; fruit wall papillate ..... C. littoreum 23' Leaf blade length generally < 2 × width, ± diamond-shaped to ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. , deltate  More or less equilaterally triangular, with the corners rounded or not. , or elliptic 25. Fruit wall attached to seed 26. Plant not ill-smelling, spheric in fruit, many-branched distally, branches forked  Pertaining to a hair or other structure that branches into two parts. in pairs; leaves entire or generally 2-lobed, occasionally toothed; seed < 0.8 mm ..... C. nevadense 26' Plant ill-smelling, not spheric in fruit, few-branched from base, branches not forked in pairs; leaves entire; seed > 0.9 mm ..... C. vulvaria 25' Fruit wall free from seed 27. Inflorescence clusters in spikes; leaves ± powdery abaxially; lobes near leaf base spreading; fruit visible between calyx lobes in age; seed margin thick, square in ×-section ..... C. fremontii 27' Inflorescence clusters in panicles; leaves moderately to densely powdery abaxially; lobes near leaf base occasionally spreading; fruit hidden by calyx lobes in age; seed margin obtuse in ×-section ..... C. incanum var. occidentale
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