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Key to GaliumView taxon page for Galium
(For a list of species in Galium, use the above link.) Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 2. Corolla lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. generally 3 3. Fruit hairs hooked; leaves in whorls of 4, in 2 unequal pairs, or distal-most generally opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ; flowers generally 1 in axils ..... G. bifolium 2' Corolla lobes generally 4 5' Nutlets ± spheric, glabrous or hooked hairs evenly distributed, occasionally with hair-like tubercles 6' Leaves in whorls of 5–8; fruit hairs hooked or not, or 0 7. Plant erect  Upright; vertically oriented. , very slender; leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). <= 9 mm 8. Fruit glabrous; leaf generally weakly reflexed  Abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. ..... G. divaricatum 7' Plant generally climbing to trailing, coarse; leaf 12–31 mm 9. Fruit hairs hooked; nutlet pair < 4 mm wide; pedicel  Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. slender, ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. to spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ..... G. aparine 9' Fruit with acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. tubercles only; nutlet pair > 4 mm wide; pedicel stout, recurved  Gradually curved downward or backward. ..... G. tricornutum 1' Perennial herb or shrub 10' Corolla generally 4-lobed; fruit 2 nutlets, variously shaped, glabrous to hairy, or berry 12' Fruit hairs 0 or not hooked 14. Flowers always bisexual  Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). 15' Leaves in whorls of 5–12 16' Corolla rotate  Wheel-shaped, spreading, or saucer-shaped; often applied to a fused corolla with a short or nonexistent tube and a spreading limb. ; ovary glabrous or small-tubercled ..... G. mollugo 14' Flowers generally unisexual, either anthers or ovaries small, sterile, or sometimes flowers unisexual and bisexual 17. Fruit a berry, glabrous to short-hairy 18' Leaves generally in whorls of 4 19. Plant low, generally cushion-like, generally not woody above ground 20. Leaf often ± bristle- or awl-like, sometimes linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. to lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. , sharp to touch, ± thick ..... G. andrewsii 21. Plant dense, internode  Segment of an axis (generally a stem) between successive positions (nodes) from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. < leaf, main stem obscure, leaf generally awl-like, ± keeled, ascending; plant glabrous ..... subsp. andrewsii 21' Plant elongate or ± dense, internode generally > leaf, main stem obvious or not, leaf wider than awl-like, flat, ascending or spreading; plant hairy or not 22. Plant open, occasionally hairy, main stem obvious; leaf generally flat, linear to lanceolate, generally spreading ..... subsp. gatense 22' Plant ± dense, generally glabrous, main stem ± obscure; leaf ± flat to ± keeled, ± linear or lance-linear, generally ascending ..... subsp. intermedium 20' Leaf linear or elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear to (ob)ovate, not sharp to touch, generally thin 23. Leaf ± linear, margins ± flat or convex, generally ciliate  Having generally straight, conspicuous hairs along margins or edges. ..... G. ambiguum 24' Leaf generally thick, generally glabrous or margin bristly, margins generally convex; ovary, fruit densely hairy ..... subsp. siskiyouense 23' Leaf ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. (obovate) to elliptic or linear, edges rolled under (strongly so, if leaf linear) or not, not ciliate or hairs not restricted to margin 25' Leaf generally ovate (obovate) to elliptic, margin not or ± rolled under; NW, CW, SW, SN 27' Leaf length 2–4 × width; NW, CW, SW 28' Flower, fruit hairy to glabrous; plant not woody, generally open; NW, CW, SW 29' Plant generally not low, stem generally > 16 cm; leaf generally > 6 mm; NCoR, CW, SW 30' Hair long, coarse to fine (0); not SCo or SnJt 19' Plant often climbing, ± woody above ground 32. Plant generally with recurved prickles; woody stem generally long, slender, climbing or sprawling 33. Leaf tip acute to obtuse  Having a short-tapered, blunt tip or base, the sides convex or straight and converging at more than a right angle. to rounded, generally short-pointed, generally not sharp to touch, terminal hair generally not persistent ..... G. porrigens 34. Leaf widely oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. to ovate ..... var. porrigens 33' Leaf tip generally tapered  Gradually (not abruptly) narrower or smaller at base or tip. , generally sharp to touch, terminal hair persistent 35. Leaf elliptic to ovate, acute to acuminate  Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. ; plant not densely tangled, green; SCoRO, WTR 35' Leaf ± linear to narrowly ovate, acute; plant densely tangled, red in age; SCo, ChI, WTR, PR ..... G. nuttallii 32' Plant prickles generally 0; woody stem generally short, climbing or not 38. Leaf generally ± glabrous to puberulent  Minutely hairy. or scabrous 39. Leaf narrow to elliptic, ± sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. ; inflorescence branchlets ± stout; corolla generally red ..... G. bolanderi (2) 39' Leaf widely elliptic to ovate, ± petioled; inflorescence branchlets thread-like; corolla generally ± yellow ..... G. sparsiflorum 41. Stem ± stout, ± stiff; montane 42. Plant sprawling or climbing, forming dense clumps; flower yellow, hairy externally, throughout; fruit hairy; leaf generally widely elliptic; SnGb ..... G. grande 42' Plant tufted or ± climbing, not forming dense clumps; flower generally red, glabrous to sparsely hairy at base; fruit glabrous to hairy; leaf generally elliptic; n of SnGb ..... G. bolanderi (2) 43' Leaf length 2–4 × width; NW, CW, SW 44' Flower, fruit hairy to glabrous; plant not woody, generally open; NW, CW, SW 45' Hair long, coarse to fine (0); not SCo or SnJt 17' Fruit 2 nutlets, hair generally long, straight to strongly curved 47. Flowers unisexual and bisexual 48. Herb; stem generally slender, flexible, base woody; mainland 49. Leaf ovate to round, acute to obtuse; inflorescence narrow, branches short, ± erect ..... G. parishii 49' Leaf linear to oblanceolate, acute to acuminate; inflorescence open, branches longer, spreading ..... G. wrightii 48' Erect shrub; stem rigid, stout, woody; ChI 51. Stem, leaf hairs sparse, generally very short, straight to curved, not curly; San Clemente Island ..... subsp. acrispum 47' Flowers unisexual only 52. Ovary, fruit hairs all short, strongly curved, ascending; corolla bell-shaped, divided <= 1/2 to base ..... G. jepsonii 52' Ovary, fruit hairs generally long, straight, spreading; corolla generally rotate, or bell-shaped and generally divided > 1/2 to base 53. Leaf ± linear to strap-shaped to linear-oblong, generally widest at or distal to middle 54. Distal internodes Segment of an axis (generally a stem) between successive positions (nodes) from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. >> proximal; pedicel generally > fruit; fruit hairs < fruit ..... G. johnstonii 55. Corolla generally glabrous, or not more hairy than stem or leaf 56' Woody stem internode generally > leaf; plant hairy or not; s SN, SCoR, SW (except n ChI), DMtns 57' Plant tall, slender, generally glabrous except leaves scabrous; leaves deciduous; SnBr, e SnJt, DMtns, DSon ..... subsp. gracillimum 55' Corolla generally hairy (sometimes glabrous in subsp. jacinticum) 58. Stem generally hairy, occasionally scabrous 60' Plant <= 35 cm; inflorescence narrow, few-flowered, few-branched; SW 53' Leaf generally (ob)ovate to lanceolate, elliptic, or ± round (to needle-like in Galium stellatum), generally widest proximal to middle 62. Plant woody at base and extending distally to >= 50 cm 63. Stem flexible, few-branched; leaf ovate to elliptic, tip obtuse to acute, not sharp at tip; s SNH, TR ..... G. hallii 63' Stem rigid, many-branched; leaf lanceolate to needle-like, tip acute to acuminate, sharp at tip; D ..... G. stellatum 62' Plant woody near base only 65. Fruit <= 4 mm wide, including hairs 65' Fruit generally > 4 mm wide, including hairs 67. Inflorescence few-flowered, axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. , little exserted  Protruding out of surrounding structure(s) (e.g., stamens exserted from corolla). from leaves; fruit 7–10 mm; leaf tip acute to obtuse, not sharp to touch; KR, CaRH ..... G. glabrescens subsp. glabrescens (2) 67' Inflorescence many-flowered, terminal, much exserted from leaves; fruit generally 4–7 mm; leaf tip obtuse to acuminate, sharp; n SNH, GB, DMtns 68. Leaves at a node  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. ± equal, lanceolate to ovate, tapered to tip, flat to arched; DMtns ..... G. argense 68' Leaves at a node ± unequal, generally ± arched, larger 2 ovate to round, abruptly rounded to acuminate tip; n SNH, GB, DMtns ..... G. multiflorum (2) 64' Stem puberulent to hairy 69. Leaves at a node unequal, leaf tip generally sharp to touch, abruptly rounded to tapered to sharp tip 70' Corolla ± bell-shaped 69' Leaves at a node equal or leaf tip not sharp to touch, acute to obtuse 72' Leaf lanceolate to (ob)ovate or round 74. Fruit >= 6 mm, including hairs 75' Plant ± gray, densely short-gray hairy; leaf widely ovate to round 74' Fruit <= 6 mm, including hairs 78. Plant woody generally for 3–4 cm above base; inflorescence ± terminal, diffuse, branches many, long, spreading, many-flowered, leaves reduced; corolla bell-shaped ..... G. hilendiae 78' Plant not woody above base; inflorescence axillary, narrow, dense, branches few, short, ascending, few-flowered, leaves often not reduced; corolla rotate to bell-shaped 81' Plant generally dense or ± open, short, generally 2–15 cm, scabrous to hairy, base not woody 82' Plant scabrous to hairy, not velvety
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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) . Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/ [accessed on ]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on .
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